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1. PendahuluanPeriode pertengahan tahun 1970-an melihat reorientasi pembangunan baru dengan transformasi kebijakan penting dalam perencanaan pembangunan daerah. Fokus beralih dari gagasan industrialisasi dan kesenjangan antar daerah untuk ketidakseimbangan sektoral. Di bawah pengaruh arah baru ini, kebijakan umum puluhan awal bergeser ke arah pengentasan kemiskinan dan Ketenagakerjaan, dan memberikan prioritas besar untuk pembangunan pedesaan. Dalambersamaan dengan itu, strategi baru dirumuskan sebagai bagian dari model pembangunan daerah dengan perhatian yang menonjol untuk pembangunan pedesaan terpadu. Salah satu strategi seperti pembinaan pembangunan pedesaan dalam kerangka perencanaan pembangunan daerah adalah pengenalan pendekatan pembangunan desa tradisional di daerah Malaysia. Tujuan karya ini adalah untuk memeriksa kebijakan pembangunan daerah secara keseluruhan Malaysia yang telah diadopsi dalam tiga puluh tahun terakhir, dan untuk menentukan seberapa jauh pendekatan ini sangat sukses, dengan mengambil PERDA (Penang Regional Development Authority) sebagai kasus, dalam mencapai tujuan yang dinyatakan.1.1 regional perencanaan di MalaysiaMengejar pembangunan nasional di Malaysia pada dasarnya diminta dan didorong oleh keinginan untuk mempromosikan dan meningkatkan sosial dan ekonomi kesejahteraan rakyat. Tujuan utama dari pembangunan daerah adalah pengurangan kesenjangan pembangunan antara daerah. Pernyataan kebijakan terbilang memiliki ini dalam setiap rencana pembangunan lima tahun di Malaysia, sejak The kedua Malaysia rencana (1971-1975) sampai dengan tanggal.Untuk mencapai berbagai tujuan pembangunan daerah, sejumlah strategi telah diadopsi di Malaysia. Pada dasarnya empat strategi penting dapat diidentifikasi sebagai; sumber daya dan pengembangan tanah baru, pembangunan pedesaan di situ, industri penyebaran, dan pedesaan urbanisasi dan penciptaan pusat pertumbuhan baru (Alden & Awang, 1985). Fokus utama pembangunan daerah telah membuka skema pembangunan tanah baru di negara-negara termiskin. Sistem pusat-pusat pertumbuhan dan pembangunan koridor adalah untuk digunakan untuk mendesentralisasikan industri pengembangan dan penyebaran ke negara-negara kurang berkembang (Salih & Young, 1988). Pertanyaan tentang mengapa regionaldevelopment had limited success is certainly correlated with the problems of the growth pole strategy. When the empirically untested concept was translated into plans and policies, there was great lack of precision, and even the type of propulsive industries to be located at the growth pole was not known (Friedmann & Weaver, 1979). One mistake which came out of this experience was that the hinterland had to be developed in order that the growth pole succeeds, rather than the other way around. Therefore the concept that the growth centre will havespread effects to the peripheral areas is not always right.The establishments of new townships in all the Regional Development Authority areas are also unsuccessful. There were not enough facilities, and limited off-farm employment opportunities. There was also a mismatch between physical development, such as high-standard buildings and infrastructural facilities with the needs of the local environment. In some areas there was no balance between the number of residential units and commercial facilities provided. At this stage it also became clear that the population of the traditional villages surroundingthe Regional Development Authorities were not attracted to these new townships as expected.Choguill (1985) analyzed the potential and limitations of the new towns in generating economic growth in the KETENGAH region. Even with the availability of basic infrastructure facilities, the study showed that the new towns have still not reached the stage of self-generating growth which was expected of them. In order to enhance the new towns, Choguill further suggested the need for an appropriate agricultural policy as well as adequate consideration of their economic base. Noorizan (1992), examined the actual problems of implementing the new land development scheme in the JENGKA region. The study concluded that the regional development projects did improve the socio-economic conditions of the settlers, including their income and standard of living.However the study also indicated that the younger generation intends to migrate to other areas for better job opportunities rather than to continue their parents’ work. However it is not entirely true that the regional development and growth centre strategies adopted by Malaysiadid not have any significant impact especially on urbanization and regional decentralization. The Penang case is an outstanding example of a natural growth pole, through labor immigration and other inter-urban linkages with its hinterland region (Salih & Young, 1985).Another successful impact of regional strategies is the growth of small towns resulting from developments in a hinterland region. An immediate case is the impact of the Muda Agricultural Development Authority which is concerned with irrigation and double-cropping of rice on the growth of lower-order centres, essentially central places, in the MADA region. Therefore the overall assessment of regional development strategies and their impact in Malaysia seem to be rather mixed. However, in general, it is clear that regional development strategies cannot have the expected results unless sustained by, and integrated with the overall development strategies.2. The Traditional Village Development ApproachThe approach was first implemented at the end of 1984. Under this concept, there are three main aspects that have been emphasized to increase the quality and agricultural productivity through consolidation of individual small farms and paddy fields using the modern production techniques and management; to create the village industries, small industries and other non-agriculture economic activities and to restructure and regroup the scattered village into one proper settlement and equipped with basic facilities. As a result, a new growth centre is created in the rural area.Pendekatan konseptual pembangunan itu harusnya dilaksanakan untuk mencapai dua tujuan utama; untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan standar hidup dan juga untuk merestrukturisasi masyarakat pedesaan. PERDA sudah telah mengidentifikasi 26 daerah termasuk beberapa desa untuk dimodernisasi dan mengembangkan dengan menggunakan strategi ini. PERDA juga telah mengidentifikasi lima program-program khusus yang harus dikoordinasikan di setiap desa untuk mencapai dua tujuan utama dari pendekatan; saya) pengembangan pertanian, pembangunan ii) infrastruktur, iii) pembangunan perumahan dan urbanisasi, perkembangan iv) industri dan investasi, v) pelatihan dan pengembangan masyarakat.
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