George Berkeley (1685–1753) was bor

George Berkeley (1685–1753) was born in Ireland and became bishop of Cloyne. Philosophically, he “brought the ascendancy of inner experience to complete dominance.”[272] Galileo, Locke, and others distinguished secondary qualities (e.g., colors and temperatures), which are characteristics we attribute to things by virtue of subjective sense impressions, from primary qualities (e.g., space and
motion), which are expressed in geometric and mathematical quantities and are regarded as objective data of the material world. For Berkeley, however, all qualities are “secondary.” In this way he put an end to Locke’s wavering over our knowledge of actual bodies, and he did this with extreme nominalism and through returning to the ideas of Hobbes. Berkeley demolished the concept of corporeal substance, according to which part of the complex of ideas that perception presents us in a body should be separated out and another part retained as real. The mathematical qualities of bodies are as truly ideas within us as the sense qualities. Thus body is nothing but a complex of ideas. “The idealism which sees in a body nothing farther than a bundle of ideas is the view of the common man; it should be that of philosophers also. Bodies possess no other reality than that of being perceived.”[273] Berkeley’s philosophy is captured in the expression Esse est percipi; being is being perceived or perceiving. For Berkeley, there can be no existence outside perceptual relationships. Berkeley combined this strong idealism with a spiritualistic metaphysics by means of which he accounted for the multiplicity of minds whose perceptions and worlds nevertheless correspond with each other. The danger with Berkeley’s approach is that of solipsism: each individual mind has certain, intuitive knowledge only of itself and of its states; the reality of all else cannot be demonstrated. For Berkeley, however, ideas spring from God, who harmonizes the ideas in every mind, and the ideas of bodies are communicated by God to finite spirits. The order of succession in which God does this we call laws of nature.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

George Berkeley (1685 – 1753) lahir di Irlandia dan menjadi biskop Cloyne. Secara falsafah, ia "membawa pengaruh dari pengalaman di batin untuk dominasi lengkap." [272] Galileo, Locke, dan lain-lain dibedakan sekunder kualitas (misalnya, warna dan suhu), yang adalah ciri-ciri yang kita atribut untuk hal-hal dengan rasa subjektif tayangan, dari kualitas utama (misalnya, ruang dan motion), which are expressed in geometric and mathematical quantities and are regarded as objective data of the material world. For Berkeley, however, all qualities are “secondary.” In this way he put an end to Locke’s wavering over our knowledge of actual bodies, and he did this with extreme nominalism and through returning to the ideas of Hobbes. Berkeley demolished the concept of corporeal substance, according to which part of the complex of ideas that perception presents us in a body should be separated out and another part retained as real. The mathematical qualities of bodies are as truly ideas within us as the sense qualities. Thus body is nothing but a complex of ideas. “The idealism which sees in a body nothing farther than a bundle of ideas is the view of the common man; it should be that of philosophers also. Bodies possess no other reality than that of being perceived.”[273] Berkeley’s philosophy is captured in the expression Esse est percipi; being is being perceived or perceiving. For Berkeley, there can be no existence outside perceptual relationships. Berkeley combined this strong idealism with a spiritualistic metaphysics by means of which he accounted for the multiplicity of minds whose perceptions and worlds nevertheless correspond with each other. The danger with Berkeley’s approach is that of solipsism: each individual mind has certain, intuitive knowledge only of itself and of its states; the reality of all else cannot be demonstrated. For Berkeley, however, ideas spring from God, who harmonizes the ideas in every mind, and the ideas of bodies are communicated by God to finite spirits. The order of succession in which God does this we call laws of nature.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

George Berkeley (1685-1753) lahir di Irlandia dan menjadi uskup Cloyne. Filosofis, ia "membawa pengaruh dari pengalaman batin untuk menyelesaikan dominasi." [272] Galileo, Locke, dan lain-lain dibedakan kualitas sekunder (misalnya, warna dan suhu), yang merupakan karakteristik kita atribut untuk hal-hal berdasarkan tayangan akal subjektif, dari kualitas utama (misalnya, ruang dan
gerak), yang dinyatakan dalam jumlah geometris dan matematis dan dianggap sebagai data objektif dari dunia materi. Untuk Berkeley, bagaimanapun, semua kualitas yang "sekunder." Dengan cara ini ia mengakhiri goyah Locke atas pengetahuan kita tentang tubuh yang sebenarnya, dan dia melakukan ini dengan nominalisme ekstrim dan melalui kembali ke ide-ide Hobbes. Berkeley menghancurkan konsep substansi korporeal, menurut yang bagian dari kompleks ide bahwa persepsi menyajikan kita dalam tubuh harus dipisahkan dan bagian lain dipertahankan sebagai nyata. Kualitas matematika tubuh adalah sebagai benar-benar ide dalam diri kita sebagai kualitas rasa. Dengan demikian tubuh tidak lain adalah sebuah kompleks ide-ide. "Idealisme yang melihat dalam tubuh tidak jauh dari seikat ide adalah pandangan orang biasa; itu harus yang dari filsuf juga. Tubuh memiliki ada realitas lain daripada yang dirasakan "[273] filsafat Berkeley ditangkap dalam ekspresi Esse est percipi.; makhluk sedang dirasakan atau mengamati. Untuk Berkeley, tidak ada keberadaan luar hubungan persepsi. Berkeley gabungan idealisme yang kuat dengan metafisika spiritualistik dengan cara yang ia menyumbang banyaknya pikiran yang persepsi dan dunia tetap sesuai dengan satu sama lain. Bahaya dengan pendekatan Berkeley adalah bahwa dari solipsism: setiap pikiran individu memiliki pengetahuan hanya dari dirinya sendiri dan dari negara-negara yang tertentu, intuitif; realitas semuanya tidak dapat dibuktikan. Untuk Berkeley, bagaimanapun, ide-ide muncul dari Allah, yang selaras ide-ide dalam setiap pikiran, dan ide-ide dari tubuh dikomunikasikan oleh Allah untuk roh yang terbatas. Urutan suksesi di mana Allah melakukan panggilan kita ini hukum alam.