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Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny (2000), for example, show that strong shareholder rights reduce the agency costs of equity by enabling minority shareholdersto secure high dividend payouts (i.e., the outcome hypothesis). In this study, we argue that country-level creditor rights influence dividend policies around the world by establishing the balance of power between debt and equity claimants. Creditors demand and managers consent to restrictive dividend payouts as a substitute for weak creditor rights since both parties have an incentive to minimize the agency costs of debt.Nini, Smith, and Sufi(2007)argue that creditors maintain control rights over corporate investment policies as a second-best solution to the agency costs of debt. Similarly, we find that creditors retain control rights over corporate payout policies as asolution to the agency costs of debt. Moreover, we show that the degree to which creditors retain control rights over payout policy depends significantly on country level creditor rights.Our empirical results are based on an international sample of 120,507 firm-year observations from 16,525 unique firms across 52 countries during the period 1990–2006. We examine the impact of creditor rights on the likelihood of paying dividends while controlling for firm maturity, leverage, profitability, sales growth, size,cash holdings, and shareholder rights. As hypothesized,we find a positive and significant relation between creditor rights and the probability of paying dividends.We examine the impact of creditor rights on dividend
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