WEB TECHNOLOGIES: A REVIEW
HTTP
In Chapter 6, “Business Networks and Telecommunications,” you learned about protocols. The
protocol used to transfer and download Web information is Hypertext Transfer Protocol, or
HTTP. A secure version of the protocol for confidential transactions is HTTPS (HTTP Secure).
Under these protocols, each Web server is designated a Uniform Resource Locator (URL),
which is a unique address for a Web site. The address is the IP address assigned to the site, but
in most cases the site also has a domain name made up from letters. The term “URL” also refers
to the domain name. Domain names are used for convenience, because it is easier to remember
domain names than IP addresses. Each Web page has its own URL, which contains the IP address
or domain name of the site. Because the domain name must be unique, when an owner of a Web
site reserves a domain name to be associated with an IP address, no other site can be associated
with that domain name. Note that domain names often start with—but do not have to
include—www.
The last part of a URL, such as the “.com” in www.pinzale.com, is the top-level domain (TLD).
In addition to .com, .org, and .edu, many other TLDs can be requested for a domain name, some
of which are reserved for certain types of organizations and professions, and some that are not.
Country codes such as .ca for Canada or .uk for the United Kingdom can also serve as TLDs. The
only organization that is authorized to approve new TLDs is the Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a not-for-profit organization established specifically for
this purpose. Usually, a Web site with any TLD can be viewed in the same way regardless of
technology. However, in 2007 ICANN approved .mobi as a TLD and standard for mobile devices.
Currently, it is the only TLD that requires the use of special software to access the domains.
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