effective tools for learning – there is ample evidence that new media  terjemahan - effective tools for learning – there is ample evidence that new media  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

effective tools for learning – ther

effective tools for learning – there is ample evidence that new media can be effective tools
for education, depending upon the context and method by which they are used, as well as
on the learner. Instead, the challenge for researchers is to identify the conditions under
which different media are the most effective for learning (Mayer & Moreno, 2002). A second
advantage of computer-based learning environments is that they are easily customizable
and, therefore, can be tailored to meet the specific needs of individual learners. The
question to be addressed then becomes, under what conditions are various media effective
educational tools for different learners? In the current paper, two studies are presented that
investigate how video affects learners’ experiences in a computer-based multimedia learning
environment.
1. Theoretical background
To be effective, computer-based learning environments should be designed to accommodate
the nature of the human mind and to account for inherent limitations of perceptual
and cognitive systems. Sweller’s (1999, 2003) Cognitive load theory (CLT) provides a
model for how the mind processes multimedia information. A central feature of CLT is
that visual and verbal information are processed under the constraint of limited working
memory capacity. The theory distinguishes between three types of cognitive load that compete
for the limited resources of working memory when complex visual and verbal information
is processed (Sweller, 1999). Intrinsic load is inherent to the materials being
learned. The more complex the material, the greater the intrinsic load. Extraneous load
is associated with the mental effort imposed by the instructional activities, their design
and presentation. Extraneous load does not directly contribute to understanding of the
material being taught. Finally, germane load is the mental effort that is exerted by learners
to process the new information and to integrate it into existing knowledge structures.
Because it is a property of the material being taught, intrinsic load is often thought to
be invariant (Sweller, 1994), however, recent research suggests that in certain conditions,
intrinsic load can be manipulated (e.g., Lee, Plass, & Homer, 2006). As a general principle,
learning materials should be designed to reduce extraneous load in order to allow for the
greatest amount of mental resources to be dedicated to germane load.
One method of partially overcoming the limits of working memory is to present part of
the information being taught in a visual mode and part of it in a verbal mode. There is
considerable evidence that humans have two separate working-memory systems, or channels:
one for processing visual or pictorial information, and one for processing auditory or
verbal information (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Paivio, 1986). Because each
system has a relatively limited capacity, it is easy for a system to become overloaded if
more than a few chunks of novel information are processed simultaneously (e.g., Baddeley,
1986;Miller, 1956; Sweller, 2003). These findings form the basis of Mayer’s (2001) cognitive
theory of multimedia learning. Mayer (2001) posits that there are three levels of
cognitive processes involved in multimedia-learning: (1) selection of relevant visual and
verbal information, (2) organization of the information into coherent visual and verbal
models, and (3) integration of the mental models with each other and with previously existing
knowledge. Presenting unique information in both visual and verbal formats allows
and the learner to construct integrated mental models that make the retrieval of the information
more likely (Paivio, 1986; Plass, Chun, Mayer, & Leutner, 1998).
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effective tools for learning – there is ample evidence that new media can be effective toolsfor education, depending upon the context and method by which they are used, as well ason the learner. Instead, the challenge for researchers is to identify the conditions underwhich different media are the most effective for learning (Mayer & Moreno, 2002). A secondadvantage of computer-based learning environments is that they are easily customizableand, therefore, can be tailored to meet the specific needs of individual learners. Thequestion to be addressed then becomes, under what conditions are various media effectiveeducational tools for different learners? In the current paper, two studies are presented thatinvestigate how video affects learners’ experiences in a computer-based multimedia learningenvironment.1. Theoretical backgroundTo be effective, computer-based learning environments should be designed to accommodatethe nature of the human mind and to account for inherent limitations of perceptualand cognitive systems. Sweller’s (1999, 2003) Cognitive load theory (CLT) provides amodel for how the mind processes multimedia information. A central feature of CLT isthat visual and verbal information are processed under the constraint of limited workingmemory capacity. The theory distinguishes between three types of cognitive load that competefor the limited resources of working memory when complex visual and verbal informationis processed (Sweller, 1999). Intrinsic load is inherent to the materials beinglearned. The more complex the material, the greater the intrinsic load. Extraneous loadis associated with the mental effort imposed by the instructional activities, their designand presentation. Extraneous load does not directly contribute to understanding of thematerial being taught. Finally, germane load is the mental effort that is exerted by learnersto process the new information and to integrate it into existing knowledge structures.Because it is a property of the material being taught, intrinsic load is often thought tobe invariant (Sweller, 1994), however, recent research suggests that in certain conditions,intrinsic load can be manipulated (e.g., Lee, Plass, & Homer, 2006). As a general principle,learning materials should be designed to reduce extraneous load in order to allow for thegreatest amount of mental resources to be dedicated to germane load.One method of partially overcoming the limits of working memory is to present part ofthe information being taught in a visual mode and part of it in a verbal mode. There isconsiderable evidence that humans have two separate working-memory systems, or channels:one for processing visual or pictorial information, and one for processing auditory orverbal information (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Paivio, 1986). Because eachsystem has a relatively limited capacity, it is easy for a system to become overloaded ifmore than a few chunks of novel information are processed simultaneously (e.g., Baddeley,1986;Miller, 1956; Sweller, 2003). These findings form the basis of Mayer’s (2001) cognitivetheory of multimedia learning. Mayer (2001) posits that there are three levels ofcognitive processes involved in multimedia-learning: (1) selection of relevant visual andverbal information, (2) organization of the information into coherent visual and verbalmodels, and (3) integration of the mental models with each other and with previously existingknowledge. Presenting unique information in both visual and verbal formats allowsand the learner to construct integrated mental models that make the retrieval of the informationmore likely (Paivio, 1986; Plass, Chun, Mayer, & Leutner, 1998).
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alat yang efektif untuk belajar - ada banyak bukti bahwa media baru dapat menjadi alat yang efektif
untuk pendidikan, tergantung pada konteks dan metode yang mereka digunakan, serta
pada peserta didik. Sebaliknya, tantangan bagi para peneliti adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi di
mana media yang berbeda yang paling efektif untuk belajar (Mayer & Moreno, 2002). Kedua
keuntungan dari lingkungan belajar berbasis komputer adalah bahwa mereka mudah disesuaikan
dan, oleh karena itu, dapat disesuaikan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan spesifik dari peserta didik. The
pertanyaan ditangani kemudian menjadi, dalam kondisi apa berbagai media yang efektif
alat pendidikan untuk peserta didik yang berbeda? Dalam kertas saat ini, dua studi yang disajikan
menyelidiki bagaimana video mempengaruhi pengalaman peserta didik dalam pembelajaran multimedia berbasis komputer
lingkungan.
1. Latar belakang teoritis
Agar efektif, lingkungan belajar berbasis komputer harus dirancang untuk mengakomodasi
sifat dari pikiran manusia dan untuk memperhitungkan keterbatasan dari persepsi
sistem dan kognitif. Sweller (1999, 2003) teori beban kognitif (CLT) menyediakan
model untuk bagaimana pikiran memproses informasi multimedia. Sebuah fitur utama dari CLT adalah
bahwa informasi visual dan verbal diproses di bawah kendala kerja terbatas
kapasitas memori. Teori ini membedakan antara tiga jenis beban kognitif yang bersaing
untuk sumber daya yang terbatas memori bekerja ketika informasi visual dan verbal yang kompleks
diproses (Sweller, 1999). Beban intrinsik melekat pada bahan yang
dipelajari. Semakin kompleks materi, semakin besar beban intrinsik. Beban asing
dikaitkan dengan usaha mental yang dikenakan oleh kegiatan pembelajaran, desain mereka
dan presentasi. Beban asing tidak langsung berkontribusi pemahaman tentang
materi yang diajarkan. Akhirnya, beban erat adalah usaha mental yang diberikan oleh peserta didik
untuk memproses informasi baru dan untuk mengintegrasikan ke dalam struktur pengetahuan yang ada.
Karena itu adalah properti dari materi yang diajarkan, beban intrinsik sering dianggap
menjadi invarian (Sweller 1994 ), namun, penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa dalam kondisi tertentu,
beban intrinsik dapat dimanipulasi (misalnya, Lee, Plass, & Homer, 2006). Sebagai prinsip umum,
materi pembelajaran harus dirancang untuk mengurangi beban asing untuk memungkinkan untuk
jumlah terbesar dari sumber daya mental yang akan didedikasikan untuk erat beban.
Salah satu metode parsial mengatasi batas-batas memori kerja adalah untuk menyajikan bagian dari
informasi yang diajarkan dalam mode visual dan bagian dari itu dalam modus verbal. Ada
bukti bahwa manusia memiliki dua sistem yang terpisah kerja-memori, atau saluran:
satu untuk memproses informasi visual atau bergambar, dan satu untuk memproses pendengaran atau
informasi verbal (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Paivio, 1986). Karena setiap
sistem memiliki kapasitas yang relatif terbatas, mudah untuk sistem untuk menjadi kelebihan beban jika
lebih dari beberapa potongan informasi baru diproses secara bersamaan (misalnya, Baddeley,
1986; Miller, 1956; Sweller, 2003). Temuan ini menjadi dasar (2001) kognitif Mayer
teori pembelajaran multimedia. Mayer (2001) berpendapat bahwa ada tiga tingkatan
proses kognitif yang terlibat dalam multimedia-learning: (1) pemilihan visual dan relevan
informasi verbal, (2) organisasi informasi ke visual dan verbal yang koheren
model, dan (3) integrasi model mental dengan satu sama lain dan dengan yang sudah ada sebelumnya
pengetahuan. Menyajikan informasi yang unik di kedua format visual dan verbal memungkinkan
dan pelajar untuk membangun model mental terintegrasi yang membuat pengambilan informasi
lebih mungkin (Paivio, 1986; Plass, Chun, Mayer, & Leutner, 1998).
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