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effective tools for learning – there is ample evidence that new media can be effective toolsfor education, depending upon the context and method by which they are used, as well ason the learner. Instead, the challenge for researchers is to identify the conditions underwhich different media are the most effective for learning (Mayer & Moreno, 2002). A secondadvantage of computer-based learning environments is that they are easily customizableand, therefore, can be tailored to meet the specific needs of individual learners. Thequestion to be addressed then becomes, under what conditions are various media effectiveeducational tools for different learners? In the current paper, two studies are presented thatinvestigate how video affects learners’ experiences in a computer-based multimedia learningenvironment.1. Theoretical backgroundTo be effective, computer-based learning environments should be designed to accommodatethe nature of the human mind and to account for inherent limitations of perceptualand cognitive systems. Sweller’s (1999, 2003) Cognitive load theory (CLT) provides amodel for how the mind processes multimedia information. A central feature of CLT isthat visual and verbal information are processed under the constraint of limited workingmemory capacity. The theory distinguishes between three types of cognitive load that competefor the limited resources of working memory when complex visual and verbal informationis processed (Sweller, 1999). Intrinsic load is inherent to the materials beinglearned. The more complex the material, the greater the intrinsic load. Extraneous loadis associated with the mental effort imposed by the instructional activities, their designand presentation. Extraneous load does not directly contribute to understanding of thematerial being taught. Finally, germane load is the mental effort that is exerted by learnersto process the new information and to integrate it into existing knowledge structures.Because it is a property of the material being taught, intrinsic load is often thought tobe invariant (Sweller, 1994), however, recent research suggests that in certain conditions,intrinsic load can be manipulated (e.g., Lee, Plass, & Homer, 2006). As a general principle,learning materials should be designed to reduce extraneous load in order to allow for thegreatest amount of mental resources to be dedicated to germane load.One method of partially overcoming the limits of working memory is to present part ofthe information being taught in a visual mode and part of it in a verbal mode. There isconsiderable evidence that humans have two separate working-memory systems, or channels:one for processing visual or pictorial information, and one for processing auditory orverbal information (Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Logie, 1999; Paivio, 1986). Because eachsystem has a relatively limited capacity, it is easy for a system to become overloaded ifmore than a few chunks of novel information are processed simultaneously (e.g., Baddeley,1986;Miller, 1956; Sweller, 2003). These findings form the basis of Mayer’s (2001) cognitivetheory of multimedia learning. Mayer (2001) posits that there are three levels ofcognitive processes involved in multimedia-learning: (1) selection of relevant visual andverbal information, (2) organization of the information into coherent visual and verbalmodels, and (3) integration of the mental models with each other and with previously existingknowledge. Presenting unique information in both visual and verbal formats allowsand the learner to construct integrated mental models that make the retrieval of the informationmore likely (Paivio, 1986; Plass, Chun, Mayer, & Leutner, 1998).
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