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The code we choose to use on a particular occasion is likely to indicate how we wish to be viewed by others. If we can comfortably control a number of codes, then we would seem to have an advantage over those who lack such control. Speaking several of the languages can obviously be distinctly advantageous in a multilingual gathering. Code-switching may be a very useful social skill. The converse of this, of course is that we will be judged by the code we choose to employ on a particular occasion. Example 1Kalala is 16 years od. He lives inBukavu, an African city in eastern Zaire with a population of about 220,000. It is a multicultural, multilingual city with more people coming and going for work and businessreasons than people who live there permanently. Over forty groups speaking different language can be found in the city. Kalala , like many of his friends is an employed. He spends his days roaming the streets, stopping off periodically at regular meeting places in the market place, in the park, or at a friend’s place. Dueing a normal day he uses at least three different varieties or codes, and sometimes more.Kalala speaks an informal style of shi, his tribal language, at home with his family, and he is familiar with the formal shi used for wesddings and funerals. He uses informal shi in the market-place when he deals with vendors from his own ethnic group. When he wants to communicate with people from a different tribal group, he uses the lingua franca of the area,Swahili. He learned standard zairean Swahili at school but the local market-place variety is title different. It has its own distinct linguistic features and even its own name-Kingwana. He uses kingwana to younger children and adults he meets in the streets, as well as to people in the market-place. Standard Zalrean Swahilli, one of the national languages in bukavu for most official transactions. Despite the fact that French is the official language of Zaire, Kalala uses standard Zairean Swahili with officials in government offices when he has to fill in a form or pay a bill. He uses it when he tries for a job in a shop or an office, but there are very few jobs around. He spends most of his time with his friends, and with them he uses a special variety or code called indoubil.
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