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Materials and methodsSand culture a
Materials and methods
Sand culture and field sampling
The sand culture experiment was conducted at the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station (IMGERS) in 2006. Three species, Leymus chinensis (a perennial rhizome grass, C-3), Cleistogenes squarrosa (a perennial bunchgrass, C-4) and Chenopodium glaucum (an annual forb, C-3), respectively, representing the dominant, subdominant, and the annual minor species, were planted from seeds in pots filled with sand and watered with nutrient solutions. Sand between 0.2 and 2.0 mm was screened with mesh and, to minimize the soil nutrient content, washed five times using tap water prior to filling plastic pots (30 cm diameter, 35 cm height). For each plant species, there were 6 N level treatments (2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 mmol N [L.sup.-1], added as N[H.sub.4]N[O.sub.3]) and 6 P level treatments (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 mmol P [L.sup.-1], added as K[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4]), respectively. Each level had three replicates, with three pots randomly allocated to a replicate and a total of 36 pots (3 replicates x 3 pots x 4 harvests) for each species. The intermediate concentrations of N and P are generally considered to be optimal for plant growth and development (Hoagland and Arnon 1950). With the exceptions of N and P, the macroelement composition of the solution followed a formula developed by Hoagland and Arnon (1950) and the microelement composition was based on Jensen and Collins (1985). Each experimental pot received the same amount of macro- and micronutrients except for N and P. Each pot had four drainage holes and received 250 mL solutions every day to maintain a relatively constant macro- and micronutrient concentration. To avoid ionic toxicity, the pots were washed with 500 mL water twice every 10 days immediately followed by 250 mL nutrient solutions. All pots were covered when it rained and, if rainwater entered pots, additional 250 mL nutrient solutions were added. There were 10-30 individuals in each pot depending on the plant size. The density was controlled to ensure that the plant individuals did not shade each other. The aboveground and belowground biomass of 30 plants (within 3 pots) of each plant species for each treatment replicate were harvested at 15-day intervals from 25 June to 25 August 2006. Healthy, fully expanded leaves and roots were oven-dried at 60[degrees]C, powdered, and screened with 0.1-mm mesh for chemical analysis (total N and total P).
The field N and P addition experiments were conducted in a Leymus chinensis grassland that had been fenced since 1999 to prevent grazing by large animals. The mean annual temperature in the study area is 0.3[degrees]C with mean monthly temperatures ranging from -21.6[degrees]C in January to 19.0[degrees]C in July. The annual precipitation was 304 mm in 2006 and 240 mm in 2007, lower than the mean annual precipitation (346 mm). Both N and P addition series had seven treatment levels and six replicates for each level: control, 0, 5.6, 11.2, 22.4, 39.2, 56 g N [m.sub.-2] (added as urea) and control, 0, 1.55, 3.1, 6.2, 9.3, 12.4 g P [m.sup.-2] (as K[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4]) respectively. Except for control, each plot in the N addition experiment also received 1.55 g P [m.sup.-2], or 2.8 g N [m.sup.-2] in the P addition experiment. The effect of K was controlled by adding appropriate levels of KCl so that all plots received similar levels of K. The fertilizer was thoroughly mixed with sand and then applied to the plot surfaces in May 2006 and 2007, respectively. The aboveground biomass was sampled by clipping all plants at ground level within a 1m x 1 m quadrat on 20 July 2006 and 2007. All living vascular plants were sorted to species, oven-dried at 60[degrees]C and weighed. Fifty fully grown and healthy leaves for each different species (12 species total) were selected, ground, and mixed evenly for analysis. Soil was randomly sampled with three replicates at the depth of 0-10 cm within quadrats, and the three replicates were mixed to produce one sample.
The 12 species were divided into four plant functional groups on the basis of life forms according to Bai et al.'s method (2004). Perennial rhizome grass (PR): Leymus chinensis; perennial bunchgrasses (PB): Stipa grandis, Agropyron cristatum, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Achnatherum sibiricum, Koeleria cristata; perennial forbs (PF): Poa sphondylodes, Carex korshinskyi, Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum; annuals and biennials (AB): Axyris amarantoides, Chenopodium glaucum.
Sand culture and field sampling
The sand culture experiment was conducted at the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station (IMGERS) in 2006. Three species, Leymus chinensis (a perennial rhizome grass, C-3), Cleistogenes squarrosa (a perennial bunchgrass, C-4) and Chenopodium glaucum (an annual forb, C-3), respectively, representing the dominant, subdominant, and the annual minor species, were planted from seeds in pots filled with sand and watered with nutrient solutions. Sand between 0.2 and 2.0 mm was screened with mesh and, to minimize the soil nutrient content, washed five times using tap water prior to filling plastic pots (30 cm diameter, 35 cm height). For each plant species, there were 6 N level treatments (2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 mmol N [L.sup.-1], added as N[H.sub.4]N[O.sub.3]) and 6 P level treatments (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 mmol P [L.sup.-1], added as K[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4]), respectively. Each level had three replicates, with three pots randomly allocated to a replicate and a total of 36 pots (3 replicates x 3 pots x 4 harvests) for each species. The intermediate concentrations of N and P are generally considered to be optimal for plant growth and development (Hoagland and Arnon 1950). With the exceptions of N and P, the macroelement composition of the solution followed a formula developed by Hoagland and Arnon (1950) and the microelement composition was based on Jensen and Collins (1985). Each experimental pot received the same amount of macro- and micronutrients except for N and P. Each pot had four drainage holes and received 250 mL solutions every day to maintain a relatively constant macro- and micronutrient concentration. To avoid ionic toxicity, the pots were washed with 500 mL water twice every 10 days immediately followed by 250 mL nutrient solutions. All pots were covered when it rained and, if rainwater entered pots, additional 250 mL nutrient solutions were added. There were 10-30 individuals in each pot depending on the plant size. The density was controlled to ensure that the plant individuals did not shade each other. The aboveground and belowground biomass of 30 plants (within 3 pots) of each plant species for each treatment replicate were harvested at 15-day intervals from 25 June to 25 August 2006. Healthy, fully expanded leaves and roots were oven-dried at 60[degrees]C, powdered, and screened with 0.1-mm mesh for chemical analysis (total N and total P).
The field N and P addition experiments were conducted in a Leymus chinensis grassland that had been fenced since 1999 to prevent grazing by large animals. The mean annual temperature in the study area is 0.3[degrees]C with mean monthly temperatures ranging from -21.6[degrees]C in January to 19.0[degrees]C in July. The annual precipitation was 304 mm in 2006 and 240 mm in 2007, lower than the mean annual precipitation (346 mm). Both N and P addition series had seven treatment levels and six replicates for each level: control, 0, 5.6, 11.2, 22.4, 39.2, 56 g N [m.sub.-2] (added as urea) and control, 0, 1.55, 3.1, 6.2, 9.3, 12.4 g P [m.sup.-2] (as K[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4]) respectively. Except for control, each plot in the N addition experiment also received 1.55 g P [m.sup.-2], or 2.8 g N [m.sup.-2] in the P addition experiment. The effect of K was controlled by adding appropriate levels of KCl so that all plots received similar levels of K. The fertilizer was thoroughly mixed with sand and then applied to the plot surfaces in May 2006 and 2007, respectively. The aboveground biomass was sampled by clipping all plants at ground level within a 1m x 1 m quadrat on 20 July 2006 and 2007. All living vascular plants were sorted to species, oven-dried at 60[degrees]C and weighed. Fifty fully grown and healthy leaves for each different species (12 species total) were selected, ground, and mixed evenly for analysis. Soil was randomly sampled with three replicates at the depth of 0-10 cm within quadrats, and the three replicates were mixed to produce one sample.
The 12 species were divided into four plant functional groups on the basis of life forms according to Bai et al.'s method (2004). Perennial rhizome grass (PR): Leymus chinensis; perennial bunchgrasses (PB): Stipa grandis, Agropyron cristatum, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Achnatherum sibiricum, Koeleria cristata; perennial forbs (PF): Poa sphondylodes, Carex korshinskyi, Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum; annuals and biennials (AB): Axyris amarantoides, Chenopodium glaucum.
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Materials and methodsSand culture and field samplingThe sand culture experiment was conducted at the Inner Mongolia Grassland Ecosystem Research Station (IMGERS) in 2006. Three species, Leymus chinensis (a perennial rhizome grass, C-3), Cleistogenes squarrosa (a perennial bunchgrass, C-4) and Chenopodium glaucum (an annual forb, C-3), respectively, representing the dominant, subdominant, and the annual minor species, were planted from seeds in pots filled with sand and watered with nutrient solutions. Sand between 0.2 and 2.0 mm was screened with mesh and, to minimize the soil nutrient content, washed five times using tap water prior to filling plastic pots (30 cm diameter, 35 cm height). For each plant species, there were 6 N level treatments (2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 mmol N [L.sup.-1], added as N[H.sub.4]N[O.sub.3]) and 6 P level treatments (0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8 mmol P [L.sup.-1], added as K[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4]), respectively. Each level had three replicates, with three pots randomly allocated to a replicate and a total of 36 pots (3 replicates x 3 pots x 4 harvests) for each species. The intermediate concentrations of N and P are generally considered to be optimal for plant growth and development (Hoagland and Arnon 1950). With the exceptions of N and P, the macroelement composition of the solution followed a formula developed by Hoagland and Arnon (1950) and the microelement composition was based on Jensen and Collins (1985). Each experimental pot received the same amount of macro- and micronutrients except for N and P. Each pot had four drainage holes and received 250 mL solutions every day to maintain a relatively constant macro- and micronutrient concentration. To avoid ionic toxicity, the pots were washed with 500 mL water twice every 10 days immediately followed by 250 mL nutrient solutions. All pots were covered when it rained and, if rainwater entered pots, additional 250 mL nutrient solutions were added. There were 10-30 individuals in each pot depending on the plant size. The density was controlled to ensure that the plant individuals did not shade each other. The aboveground and belowground biomass of 30 plants (within 3 pots) of each plant species for each treatment replicate were harvested at 15-day intervals from 25 June to 25 August 2006. Healthy, fully expanded leaves and roots were oven-dried at 60[degrees]C, powdered, and screened with 0.1-mm mesh for chemical analysis (total N and total P).The field N and P addition experiments were conducted in a Leymus chinensis grassland that had been fenced since 1999 to prevent grazing by large animals. The mean annual temperature in the study area is 0.3[degrees]C with mean monthly temperatures ranging from -21.6[degrees]C in January to 19.0[degrees]C in July. The annual precipitation was 304 mm in 2006 and 240 mm in 2007, lower than the mean annual precipitation (346 mm). Both N and P addition series had seven treatment levels and six replicates for each level: control, 0, 5.6, 11.2, 22.4, 39.2, 56 g N [m.sub.-2] (added as urea) and control, 0, 1.55, 3.1, 6.2, 9.3, 12.4 g P [m.sup.-2] (as K[H.sub.2]P[O.sub.4]) respectively. Except for control, each plot in the N addition experiment also received 1.55 g P [m.sup.-2], or 2.8 g N [m.sup.-2] in the P addition experiment. The effect of K was controlled by adding appropriate levels of KCl so that all plots received similar levels of K. The fertilizer was thoroughly mixed with sand and then applied to the plot surfaces in May 2006 and 2007, respectively. The aboveground biomass was sampled by clipping all plants at ground level within a 1m x 1 m quadrat on 20 July 2006 and 2007. All living vascular plants were sorted to species, oven-dried at 60[degrees]C and weighed. Fifty fully grown and healthy leaves for each different species (12 species total) were selected, ground, and mixed evenly for analysis. Soil was randomly sampled with three replicates at the depth of 0-10 cm within quadrats, and the three replicates were mixed to produce one sample.
The 12 species were divided into four plant functional groups on the basis of life forms according to Bai et al.'s method (2004). Perennial rhizome grass (PR): Leymus chinensis; perennial bunchgrasses (PB): Stipa grandis, Agropyron cristatum, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Achnatherum sibiricum, Koeleria cristata; perennial forbs (PF): Poa sphondylodes, Carex korshinskyi, Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum; annuals and biennials (AB): Axyris amarantoides, Chenopodium glaucum.
The 12 species were divided into four plant functional groups on the basis of life forms according to Bai et al.'s method (2004). Perennial rhizome grass (PR): Leymus chinensis; perennial bunchgrasses (PB): Stipa grandis, Agropyron cristatum, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Achnatherum sibiricum, Koeleria cristata; perennial forbs (PF): Poa sphondylodes, Carex korshinskyi, Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum; annuals and biennials (AB): Axyris amarantoides, Chenopodium glaucum.
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Bahan dan metode
kultur pasir dan bidang pengambilan sampel
Percobaan budaya pasir dilakukan di Inner Mongolia Grassland Ekosistem Stasiun Penelitian (IMGERS) pada tahun 2006. Tiga spesies, Leymus chinensis (rumput rimpang abadi, C-3), Cleistogenes squarrosa (a Bunchgrass abadi , C-4) dan Chenopodium glaucum (sebuah forb tahunan, C-3), masing-masing, yang mewakili dominan, subdominant, dan spesies minor tahunan, ditanam dari biji dalam pot yang diisi dengan pasir dan disiram dengan solusi nutrisi. Pasir antara 0,2 dan 2,0 mm diputar dengan mesh dan, untuk meminimalkan kandungan hara tanah, dicuci lima kali dengan menggunakan air keran sebelum mengisi pot plastik (diameter 30 cm, cm tinggi 35). Untuk setiap jenis tumbuhan, ada 6 N tingkat perawatan (2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 mmol N [L.sup.-1], ditambahkan sebagai N [H.sub.4] N [O.sub. 3]) dan 6 perlakuan tingkat P (0,15, 0,3, 0,6, 1,2, 2,4, 4,8 mmol P [L.sup.-1], ditambahkan sebagai K [H2] P [O.sub.4]) , masing-masing. Setiap tingkat memiliki tiga ulangan, dengan tiga pot acak dialokasikan ke mereplikasi dan total 36 pot (3 ulangan x 3 pot x 4 panen) untuk setiap spesies. Konsentrasi menengah N dan P umumnya dianggap optimal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman dan pengembangan (Hoagland dan Arnon 1950). Dengan pengecualian dari N dan P, komposisi macroelement dari solusi diikuti formula yang dikembangkan oleh Hoagland dan Arnon (1950) dan komposisi unsur kecil didasarkan pada Jensen dan Collins (1985). Setiap pot eksperimental menerima jumlah yang sama dari makro dan mikro kecuali untuk N dan P. setiap pot memiliki empat lubang drainase dan menerima 250 solusi mL setiap hari untuk mempertahankan relatif konstan makro dan mikronutrien konsentrasi. Untuk menghindari toksisitas ion, pot dicuci dengan 500 ml air dua kali setiap 10 hari segera diikuti oleh 250 solusi nutrisi mL. Semua pot tertutup ketika hujan dan, jika air hujan masuk pot, tambahan 250 solusi nutrisi mL ditambahkan. Ada 10-30 individu di setiap pot tergantung ukuran tanaman. Kepadatan itu dikendalikan untuk memastikan bahwa individu tanaman tidak teduh sama lain. Biomassa atas tanah dan di bawah tanah dari 30 tanaman (dalam 3 pot) dari masing-masing spesies tanaman untuk setiap ulangan perlakuan dipanen pada interval 15-hari dari 25 Juni-25 Agustus 2006. Sehat, daun sepenuhnya diperluas dan akar dikeringkan dengan oven pada 60 [ derajat] C, bubuk, dan disaring dengan 0,1-mm mesh untuk analisis kimia (N total dan jumlah P).
bidang N dan penambahan P percobaan dilakukan di padang rumput Leymus chinensis yang telah dipagari sejak tahun 1999 untuk mencegah penggembalaan oleh hewan besar . Suhu rata-rata tahunan di daerah penelitian adalah 0,3 [derajat] C dengan suhu rata bulanan mulai dari -21,6 [derajat] C pada bulan Januari menjadi 19,0 [derajat] C pada bulan Juli. Curah hujan tahunan adalah 304 mm pada tahun 2006 dan 240 mm pada tahun 2007, lebih rendah dari curah hujan rata-rata tahunan (346 mm). Kedua N dan penambahan P series memiliki tujuh tingkat pengobatan dan enam ulangan untuk masing-masing tingkat: kontrol, 0, 5,6, 11,2, 22,4, 39,2, 56 g N [m.sub.-2] (ditambahkan sebagai urea) dan kontrol, 0, 1.55, 3.1, 6.2, 9.3, 12,4 g P [m.sup.-2] (K [H2] P [O.sub.4]) masing-masing. Kecuali untuk kontrol, masing-masing plot di N Selain percobaan juga menerima 1,55 g P [m.sup.-2], atau 2,8 g N [m.sup.-2] dalam percobaan selain P. Pengaruh K dikontrol dengan menambahkan tingkat yang tepat dari KCl sehingga semua plot menerima tingkat yang sama dari K. pupuk tersebut dicampur dengan pasir dan kemudian diterapkan pada permukaan tanah pada Mei 2006 dan 2007, masing-masing. Biomassa di atas tanah sampel oleh kliping semua tanaman di permukaan tanah dalam 1m x 1 m kuadrat pada 20 Juli 2006 dan 2007. Semua hidup tumbuhan vaskular yang diurutkan ke spesies, dikeringkan dengan oven pada 60 [derajat] C dan ditimbang. Lima puluh dewasa dan sehat daun untuk setiap spesies yang berbeda (12 spesies total) dipilih, tanah, dan dicampur merata untuk analisis. Tanah secara acak sampel dengan tiga ulangan pada kedalaman 0-10 cm dalam kuadrat, dan tiga ulangan dicampur untuk menghasilkan satu sampel.
12 spesies dibagi menjadi kelompok-kelompok fungsional empat pabrik atas dasar bentuk kehidupan menurut Bai et al metode. (2004). Abadi rimpang rumput (PR): Leymus chinensis; bunchgrasses abadi (PB): Stipa grandis, Agropyron cristatum, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Achnatherum sibiricum, Koeleria cristata; forbs abadi (PF): sphondylodes Poa, Carex korshinskyi, Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum; semusim dan biennale (AB): Axyris amarantoides, Chenopodium glaucum.
kultur pasir dan bidang pengambilan sampel
Percobaan budaya pasir dilakukan di Inner Mongolia Grassland Ekosistem Stasiun Penelitian (IMGERS) pada tahun 2006. Tiga spesies, Leymus chinensis (rumput rimpang abadi, C-3), Cleistogenes squarrosa (a Bunchgrass abadi , C-4) dan Chenopodium glaucum (sebuah forb tahunan, C-3), masing-masing, yang mewakili dominan, subdominant, dan spesies minor tahunan, ditanam dari biji dalam pot yang diisi dengan pasir dan disiram dengan solusi nutrisi. Pasir antara 0,2 dan 2,0 mm diputar dengan mesh dan, untuk meminimalkan kandungan hara tanah, dicuci lima kali dengan menggunakan air keran sebelum mengisi pot plastik (diameter 30 cm, cm tinggi 35). Untuk setiap jenis tumbuhan, ada 6 N tingkat perawatan (2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32 mmol N [L.sup.-1], ditambahkan sebagai N [H.sub.4] N [O.sub. 3]) dan 6 perlakuan tingkat P (0,15, 0,3, 0,6, 1,2, 2,4, 4,8 mmol P [L.sup.-1], ditambahkan sebagai K [H2] P [O.sub.4]) , masing-masing. Setiap tingkat memiliki tiga ulangan, dengan tiga pot acak dialokasikan ke mereplikasi dan total 36 pot (3 ulangan x 3 pot x 4 panen) untuk setiap spesies. Konsentrasi menengah N dan P umumnya dianggap optimal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman dan pengembangan (Hoagland dan Arnon 1950). Dengan pengecualian dari N dan P, komposisi macroelement dari solusi diikuti formula yang dikembangkan oleh Hoagland dan Arnon (1950) dan komposisi unsur kecil didasarkan pada Jensen dan Collins (1985). Setiap pot eksperimental menerima jumlah yang sama dari makro dan mikro kecuali untuk N dan P. setiap pot memiliki empat lubang drainase dan menerima 250 solusi mL setiap hari untuk mempertahankan relatif konstan makro dan mikronutrien konsentrasi. Untuk menghindari toksisitas ion, pot dicuci dengan 500 ml air dua kali setiap 10 hari segera diikuti oleh 250 solusi nutrisi mL. Semua pot tertutup ketika hujan dan, jika air hujan masuk pot, tambahan 250 solusi nutrisi mL ditambahkan. Ada 10-30 individu di setiap pot tergantung ukuran tanaman. Kepadatan itu dikendalikan untuk memastikan bahwa individu tanaman tidak teduh sama lain. Biomassa atas tanah dan di bawah tanah dari 30 tanaman (dalam 3 pot) dari masing-masing spesies tanaman untuk setiap ulangan perlakuan dipanen pada interval 15-hari dari 25 Juni-25 Agustus 2006. Sehat, daun sepenuhnya diperluas dan akar dikeringkan dengan oven pada 60 [ derajat] C, bubuk, dan disaring dengan 0,1-mm mesh untuk analisis kimia (N total dan jumlah P).
bidang N dan penambahan P percobaan dilakukan di padang rumput Leymus chinensis yang telah dipagari sejak tahun 1999 untuk mencegah penggembalaan oleh hewan besar . Suhu rata-rata tahunan di daerah penelitian adalah 0,3 [derajat] C dengan suhu rata bulanan mulai dari -21,6 [derajat] C pada bulan Januari menjadi 19,0 [derajat] C pada bulan Juli. Curah hujan tahunan adalah 304 mm pada tahun 2006 dan 240 mm pada tahun 2007, lebih rendah dari curah hujan rata-rata tahunan (346 mm). Kedua N dan penambahan P series memiliki tujuh tingkat pengobatan dan enam ulangan untuk masing-masing tingkat: kontrol, 0, 5,6, 11,2, 22,4, 39,2, 56 g N [m.sub.-2] (ditambahkan sebagai urea) dan kontrol, 0, 1.55, 3.1, 6.2, 9.3, 12,4 g P [m.sup.-2] (K [H2] P [O.sub.4]) masing-masing. Kecuali untuk kontrol, masing-masing plot di N Selain percobaan juga menerima 1,55 g P [m.sup.-2], atau 2,8 g N [m.sup.-2] dalam percobaan selain P. Pengaruh K dikontrol dengan menambahkan tingkat yang tepat dari KCl sehingga semua plot menerima tingkat yang sama dari K. pupuk tersebut dicampur dengan pasir dan kemudian diterapkan pada permukaan tanah pada Mei 2006 dan 2007, masing-masing. Biomassa di atas tanah sampel oleh kliping semua tanaman di permukaan tanah dalam 1m x 1 m kuadrat pada 20 Juli 2006 dan 2007. Semua hidup tumbuhan vaskular yang diurutkan ke spesies, dikeringkan dengan oven pada 60 [derajat] C dan ditimbang. Lima puluh dewasa dan sehat daun untuk setiap spesies yang berbeda (12 spesies total) dipilih, tanah, dan dicampur merata untuk analisis. Tanah secara acak sampel dengan tiga ulangan pada kedalaman 0-10 cm dalam kuadrat, dan tiga ulangan dicampur untuk menghasilkan satu sampel.
12 spesies dibagi menjadi kelompok-kelompok fungsional empat pabrik atas dasar bentuk kehidupan menurut Bai et al metode. (2004). Abadi rimpang rumput (PR): Leymus chinensis; bunchgrasses abadi (PB): Stipa grandis, Agropyron cristatum, Cleistogenes squarrosa, Achnatherum sibiricum, Koeleria cristata; forbs abadi (PF): sphondylodes Poa, Carex korshinskyi, Allium ramosum, Allium tenuissimum; semusim dan biennale (AB): Axyris amarantoides, Chenopodium glaucum.
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