There has been a plethora of resear

There has been a plethora of research in the past
few decades on the significance of e-governance to
the missions of public sector organizations. Governments
across the globe and at every level have
sought to improve their governing capabilities by
developing and implementing strategic information
and communication technologies (ICTs).
These technologies have transformed the ways in
which governments operate and transact business
with their citizenries. In addition, as Keskinen
(2004) points out, the use of ICTs has created new
opportunities for promoting democracy.
Ensuring citizen or customer satisfaction
through web-based services and computer networking
has been at the top of public reform
movements across the world. ICTs can also
promote government accountability and transparency,
increase citizen participation, reduce government costs, and in remote areas, help to
break down barriers associated with distance,
proximity or mobility. In addition, as Grimsley
and Meehan (2008) point out, the use of ICTs can
broader social outcomes “such as social inclusion,
community development, well-being and sustainability.”
Interestingly enough, however, very little
effort has been made to systematically examine
the comparative effectiveness of governments’
efforts, worldwide, to communicate and interact
with their constituencies (see Wangpipatwong, et
al. 2008; Backhouse 2007; Carrizales et al., 2006;
Melitski et al., 2005)
As Singh and Byrne (2005: 71) point out, the “Internet
and related technologies have made a substantial
impact on the way organisations conduct
business…around the world.” Governments, too,
have made major advances in their efforts to govern
more effectively to the extent they have adopted
web-based and related technologies. Democracies
across the globe have embraced the practice of
e-governance to enhance the quality of services
they provide to their citizens as well as to business
communities. More recently, the reliance on digital
governance has become increasingly popular
(Carrizales, 2008; Asgarkhani, 2005). Digital
governance includes both electronic government
(e.g., the use of ICTs to deliver public services)
and electronic democracy (e.g., the use of ICTs
to promote citizen participation in governance).
One of the most important components of
digital governance is augmenting the directional
flow of information, communication, resources
and services available to the public. As Asgarkhani
(2005: 465) points out: “The introduction of digital
governance is an attempt to reduce traditional
hierarchies in governmental practices and create
an environment where information flow is bidirectional.
The change from a hierarchical model
to a networked and technology-based framework
is a fundamental change to the nature of public
administration and management, which we have
been familiar with in the past.”
There are several motivations for governments
to pursue the use of digital governance. First, and
perhaps most importantly, it fosters citizen engagement
and democracy. Bi-directional communication
and access to a host of government services
ensures citizen participation in the governance
process. It further promotes greater transparency
in government, which fosters public confidence
in government and ultimately serves to improve
the public image of government. In addition, it
can reduce government costs by streamlining
government structures and procedures (see, for
example, Commonwealth Centre for Electronic
Governance, 2001). In remote areas, digital governance
works to break down barriers associated
with distance, proximity or mobility. In essence
it opens doors, alleviates hurdles, and promotes
ownership in government to ultimately ensure
unimpeded democratic governance. To be sure,
some segments of any population are unable to
access electronic services (e.g., they lack the skills
to use or the resources to own personal computers);
thus, it is important for governments to set
up learning centers in community spaces or in
libraries, where direct access and assistance are
available to all (Asgarkhani, 2005).
In recent years, digital governance has become
increasingly prevalent throughout the world. And
even though a digital divide prevails, developing
countries are also instituting the practice often

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Telah ada sejumlah besar penelitian di masa lalubeberapa dekade makna e-pemerintahanmisi organisasi sektor publik. Pemerintahdi seluruh dunia dan pada setiap tingkat memilikiberusaha untuk meningkatkan kemampuan mereka memerintah olehmengembangkan dan melaksanakan informasi strategisdan teknologi komunikasi (ICT).Teknologi ini telah mengubah cara-carapemerintah yang beroperasi dan bertransaksi bisnisdengan citizenries mereka. Selain itu, sebagai Keskinen(2004) poin keluar, penggunaan ICT telah menciptakan barukesempatan untuk mempromosikan demokrasi.Memastikan kepuasan warga negara atau pelangganmelalui layanan berbasis web dan jaringan komputertelah di bagian atas reformasi Umumgerakan di seluruh dunia. ICT juga dapatmempromosikan pemerintahan akuntabilitas dan transparansi,meningkatkan partisipasi warga, mengurangi biaya pemerintah dan di daerah terpencil, membantumeruntuhkan penghalang yang terkait dengan jarak,kedekatan atau mobilitas. Selain itu, sebagai Grimsleydan Meehan (2008) menunjukkan, penggunaan ICT dapathasil-hasil sosial yang lebih luas "seperti penyertaan sosial,pengembangan masyarakat, kesejahteraan dan keberlanjutan.Menariknya cukup, namun, sangat sedikitupaya telah dilakukan untuk memeriksa secara sistematisperbandingan efektivitas pemerintahupaya, di seluruh dunia, untuk berkomunikasi dan berinteraksidengan konstituen mereka (Lihat Wangpipatwong, etAl. 2008; Backhouse 2007; Carrizales et al., 2006;Melitski et al, 2005)Sebagai Singh dan Byrne (2005:71) menunjukkan, "Internetdan teknologi yang terkait telah substansialberdampak pada jalan perilaku organisasibisnis... di seluruh dunia." Pemerintah, juga,telah membuat kemajuan besar dalam upaya mereka untuk mengaturlebih efektif sejauh mereka telah mengadopsiberbasis web dan teknologi yang terkait. Demokrasidi seluruh dunia telah memeluk amalane-tata kelola untuk meningkatkan kualitas layananmereka memberikan kepada warganya serta untuk bisnismasyarakat. Baru-baru ini, ketergantungan digitalpemerintahan telah menjadi semakin populer(Carrizales, 2008; Asgarkhani, 2005). Digitalmeliputi pemerintah kedua elektronik(misalnya, penggunaan ICT untuk memberikan pelayanan publik)dan elektronik demokrasi (e.g., penggunaan ICTuntuk meningkatkan partisipasi warga dalam pemerintahan).Salah satu komponen yang paling penting daripemerintahan digital adalah peningkatan directionalaliran informasi, komunikasi, sumber dayadan layanan tersedia untuk umum. Sebagai Asgarkhani(2005:465) menunjukkan: "pengenalan digitalpemerintahan merupakan upaya untuk mengurangi tradisionalhierarki dalam praktek-praktek pemerintah dan membuatlingkungan di mana arus informasi dua arah.Perubahan dari sebuah model hirarkisjaringan dan teknologi berbasis kerangkaperubahan mendasar dengan sifat umumAdministrasi dan manajemen, yang telah kitamenjadi akrab dengan di masa lalu."There are several motivations for governmentsto pursue the use of digital governance. First, andperhaps most importantly, it fosters citizen engagementand democracy. Bi-directional communicationand access to a host of government servicesensures citizen participation in the governanceprocess. It further promotes greater transparencyin government, which fosters public confidencein government and ultimately serves to improvethe public image of government. In addition, itcan reduce government costs by streamlininggovernment structures and procedures (see, forexample, Commonwealth Centre for ElectronicGovernance, 2001). In remote areas, digital governanceworks to break down barriers associatedwith distance, proximity or mobility. In essenceit opens doors, alleviates hurdles, and promotesownership in government to ultimately ensureunimpeded democratic governance. To be sure,some segments of any population are unable toaccess electronic services (e.g., they lack the skillsto use or the resources to own personal computers);thus, it is important for governments to setup learning centers in community spaces or inlibraries, where direct access and assistance areavailable to all (Asgarkhani, 2005).In recent years, digital governance has becomeincreasingly prevalent throughout the world. Andeven though a digital divide prevails, developingcountries are also instituting the practice often