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In Section B, one of the vulnerability dimensions identified was a dynamic-systemic situation that should bereflected in the interactions among factors, adaptations and indicators. Therefore, the interaction cannot be as inFigure 2, but it should reflect dynamic and systemic situation as illustrated in Figure 5 below. In responding to thesecommunity characteristics, a dynamic system analysis can be utilized to model or simplify the community dynamicand represent systemic relationships among factors, adaptations and indicators (Sterman 2001). Moreover, inpredicting levels of vulnerability, the analysis can also run certain models (based on some scenarios of adaptation) toproduce various future vulnerability levels.Since there are then some predicted levels for future vulnerability, comparison among them responds to the fifthgap, the need for assessments to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptations. The quantitative approach in dynamicsystem analysis could give a ranking system based on these comparisons. The rank will sort the future levels fromhighest to the lowest. Therefore, the most effective adaptation can be distinguished from the lowest futurevulnerability level after applying certain scenarios through the modelling process. This selection process can providea rationale for policy-making.The number of victims, damage losses and the period of time for recovery can be utilized to respond to the last(sixth) gap around the need for measurable vulnerability indicators. Number of victims and damage losses indicatorscan be seen as various applications of impact assessment post hazard events. Those two kinds of valuation can alsorepresent the vulnerability level based on the assumption of the hazards as a given variable (constant). Moreover, theperiod of time is drawn from the concept of resilience (the ability of community to “bounce back” (recover) after anevent as in Mileti & Peek 2002; Paton et al. 2003 cited in Ronan & Johnston 2005). Those three kinds ofmeasurements can also be set as major step to prepare a community facing negative events, as suggested by RonanVulnerabilityFactors(Independentvariables)VulnerabilityLevel(Dependentvariables)VulnerabilityFactors(Intermediateindependentvariables)VulnerabilityLevel(Dependentvariables)VulnerabilityFactors(Independentvariables)164 Adjie Pamungkas et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 135 ( 2014 ) 159 – 166and Johnston (2005). Preparation itself can be made by taking adaptations to reduce the possibility of fatalities,damage losses and a long period of recovery.In Summary, some points for a proposed vulnerability research framework are set out in Table 3 below. Thesepoints can provide a rational basis for proposing vulnerability modelling using a system dynamic analysis.3.4. ConclusionThis paper identifiesgaps in the vulnerability literature andpresents an approach to respond to these gaps,specifically from the perspective of improving systematic assessment processes. Since the vulnerability conceptdraws from a range of disciplines and there are diverse definitions, the dimensions of vulnerability were clarifiedfirst, then utilized as one of the criteria for analysing the gaps in the literature. A wide range of literature within andbeyond vulnerability was then reviewed, particularly that which engages with concepts of resilience, adaptation andcommunity in the context of vulnerability to disasters. The major gaps identified in the literature provide a basis forframing a future research agenda.Based on these gaps, the following three main areasare proposed for future research in vulnerability modelling:.. The modelling should consider all community layers (individual, groups of people and social networks)and shouldfocus on community case studies where vulnerability dimensions can be characterised at thecommunity scale. It is a reflectionof vulnerability dimensions... The context specificdimension of vulnerability modelling outlined in the first point is particularly importantfor selecting relevant factors and identifying interactions among them. The selection process should reflectthe layers of community and be context specific in terms of hazard type, while the interaction should reflectAdjie Pamungkas et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 135 ( 2014 ) 159 – 166 165the dynamic and systemic nature of the community. The end result of modelling should go beyond
assessment of existing vulnerability levelsto develop predictive capacity. This requiresa capacity to
evaluate scenarios of adaptation to provide a predictive tool for reducing the level of future vulnerability.
.. In responding to the last group of gaps on further developing vulnerability research, a dynamic system
analysis can accommodate the issues raised in this group as well as the first and second points above. A
quantitative evaluation process using dynamic system analysis can simulate several adaptation scenarios
through a modelling process. By comparing the output of vulnerability modelling (future vulnerability
levels) for the different adaptation scenarios the most effective adaptation scenario to reduce future
vulnerability can be determined.
Acknowledgments: This article is part of PhD materials by Adjie Pamungkas on Finding a Framework of
Vulnerability Assessment and Modelling for Disaster Risk Management, conducted at RMIT University, Australia.
The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. David Mitchell, Prof. John Handmer and Dr. Joshua Whittaker from Centre
for Risk and Community Safety –RMIT University. Some of the materials have also been presented in 4th Annual
international Workshop and Expo on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster and Recovery, 2009 on 23-25 November 2009.
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