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the effects of radiation on blood vessel in particularly important, because late damage to many different tissues and organs is mediated to some extend by effects on the vasculature . blood vessels have a complex structure. a monolayer of endothelial cells lines the inferior surface , resting on connective tissue , the thickness of which depends on the type of vessel. under normal circumstances , the rate or proliferation of endothelial cells is low, so that following exposure to radiation , cell loss occurs over a period as cells enter mitosis. regions of constriction appear because of the abnormal proliferation of surviving cells. denudation of the surface of blood vessels leads to the formation of thromboses and capillary necroses. in the smooth muscle that make up the wall of blood vessels, the proportion of cells cycling is very low, so that it takes several years for the number cells to diminish significantly following irradiation. the loss of muscular fibers plays an important role in the development of late damage that may become evident several years later. muscle cells are replaced by collagen fibers, vessel walls lose their elasticity , and blood flow is diminish .arterial damage may occur after doses of 50 to 70 Gy delivered in conventional fractionation patterns , but capillaries are damage by doses above 40 Gy . in general , veins are less sensitive to radiation than arteries .
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