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tax IDs, and setting up unemployment and workers’compensation insurance. In Japan, however, a typicalentrepreneur spends more than $3,500 and 31 days tofollow 11 different procedures.A surprising number of Americans take advantageof their freedom to start a business. There are, in fact,about 27.5 million businesses in this country. Onlyjust 18,469 of these employ more than 500 workers—enough to be considered large.Interest in owning or starting a small business has neverbeen greater than it is today. During the last decade, the numberof small businesses in the United States has increased 49percent. For the last few years, new-business formation in theUnited States has broken successive records, except during the2001–2002 and 2008 recessions. Recently, nearly 552,600 newbusinesses were incorporated. Furthermore, part-time entrepreneurshave increased fivefold in recent years; they now accountfor one-third of all small businesses.4According to a recent study, 69 percent of new businessessurvive at least two years, about 50 percent survive at least fiveyears, and 31 percent survive at least ten years.5 The primaryreason for these failures is mismanagement resulting from alack of business know-how. The makeup of the small-businesssector thus is constantly changing. Despite the high failurerate, many small businesses succeed modestly. Some, like Apple Computer, Inc., areextremely successful—to the point where they can no longer be considered small.Taken together, small businesses are also responsible for providing a high percentageof the jobs in the United States. According to some estimates, the figure is well over50 percent.Industries That Attract Small BusinessesSome industries, such as auto manufacturing, require huge investments in machineryand equipment. Businesses in such industries are big from the day they are started—ifan entrepreneur or group of entrepreneurs can gather the capital required to start one.By contrast, a number of other industries require only a low initial investment andsome special skills or knowledge. It is these industries that tend to attract new businesses.Growing industries, such as outpatient-care facilities, are attractive because oftheir profit potential. However, knowledgeable entrepreneurs choose areas with whichthey are familiar, and these are most often the more established industries.Small enterprise spans the gamut from corner newspaper vending to the developmentof optical fibers. The owners of small businesses sell gasoline, flowers, and coffeeto go. They publish magazines, haul freight, teach languages, and program computers.They make wines, movies, and high-fashion clothes. They build new homes andrestore old ones. They fix appliances, recycle metals, and sell used cars. They drivecabs and fly planes. They make us well when we are ill, and they sell us the productsof corporate giants. In fact, 74 percent of real estate, rental, and leasing industries;61 percent of the businesses in the leisure and hospitality services; and 86 percent ofthe construction industries are dominated by small businesses. The various kinds ofbusinesses generally fall into three broad categories of industry: distribution, service,and production.Distribution Industries This category includes retailing, wholesaling, transportation,and communications—industries concerned with the movement of goods fromproducers to consumers. Distribution industries account for approximately 33 percentof all small businesses. Of these, almost three-quarters are involved in retailing, thatis, the sale of goods directly to consumers. Clothing and jewelry stores, pet shops,136bookstores, and grocery stores, for example, are all retailing firms. Slightly less thanone-quarter of the small distribution firms are wholesalers. Wholesalers purchase productsin quantity from manufacturers and then resell them to retailers.Service Industries This category accounts for more than 48 percent of all smallbusinesses. Of these, about three-quarters provide such nonfinancial services as medicaland dental care; watch, shoe, and TV repairs; haircutting and styling; restaurantmeals; and dry cleaning. About 8 percent of the small service firms offer financial services,such as accounting, insurance, real estate, and investment counseling. An increasingnumber of self-employed Americans are running service businesses from home.Production Industries This last category includes the construction, mining, andmanufacturing industries. Only about 19 percent of all small businesses are in thisgroup, mainly because these industries require relatively large initial investments. Smallfirms that do venture into production generally make parts and subassemblies forlarger manufacturing firms or supply special skills to larger construction firms.The People in Small Businesses: TheEntrepreneursThe entrepreneurial spirit is alive and well in the United States. One studyrevealed that the U.S. population is quite entrepreneurial when comparedwith those of other countries. More than 70 percent of Americans wouldprefer being an entrepreneur to working for someone else. This compares with46 percent of adults in Western Europe and 58 percent of adults in Canada.Another study on entrepreneurial activity for 2002 found that of 36 countriesstudied, the United States was in the top third in entrepreneurial activity andwas the leader when compared with Japan, Canada, and Western Europe.6Small businesses typically are managed by the people who started and ownthem. Most of these people have held jobs with other firms and still could beso employed if they wanted. Yet owners of small businesses would rather takethe risk of starting and operating their own firms, even if the money they makeis less than the salaries they otherwise might earn.Researchers have suggested a variety of personal factors as reasons whypeople go into business for themselves. These are discussed next.Characteristics of EntrepreneursEntrepreneurial spirit is the desire to create a new business. For example, NikkiOlyai always knew that she wanted to create and develop her own business.Her father, a successful businessman in Iran, was her role model. She cameto the United States at the age of 17 and lived with a host family in Salem,Oregon, attending high school there. Undergraduate and graduate degreesin computer science led her to start Innovision Technologies while she heldtwo other jobs to keep the business going and took care of her four-year-oldson. Recently, Nikki Olyai’s business was honored by the Women’s BusinessEnterprise National Council’s “Salute to Women’s Business Enterprises” as oneof 11 top successful firms. For three consecutive years, her firm was selected asa “Future 50 of Greater Detroit Company.”Other Personal FactorsOther personal factors in small-business success include• independence;• a desire to determine one’s own destiny;137
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