Income-contingent loansThe potential yield from differential fees is c terjemahan - Income-contingent loansThe potential yield from differential fees is c Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Income-contingent loansThe potentia

Income-contingent loans
The potential yield from differential fees is considerable, as US experience
suggests. But what about the impact of higher fees on demand, especially
from entrants from low-income backgrounds? In fact, the most widely cited
argument against differential fees is that they would have an adverse effect
on access. It can be argued however that, if combined with better funded
scholarships and a well thought out income contingent loan scheme, they
would be at worst neutral and could even have a positive impact on widening
participation. Take, first of all, the role of loans. In a series of articles,
Barr (1997) and Barr and Crawford (1998) have set out the ingredients of,
and mechanics for, a loan schemewhich could generate additional resources,
improve access and avoid the revenue leakages identified by Albrecht and
Ziderman (1993). Their scheme is designed with three purposes in mind:
first, for those who wish to avoid up-front payments, they ensure that education
can remain free at the point of consumption; second, all loans should
be fully income-contingent, rather than mortgage-based; third, to the
maximum extent possible, they should derive from non-public sources. The
first two ensure that the scheme helps access since up-front charges are
avoided and repayments are a smaller proportion of start-up income; the
latter that additional non-taxpayer funds are drawn into the system.
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Income-contingent loansThe potential yield from differential fees is considerable, as US experiencesuggests. But what about the impact of higher fees on demand, especiallyfrom entrants from low-income backgrounds? In fact, the most widely citedargument against differential fees is that they would have an adverse effecton access. It can be argued however that, if combined with better fundedscholarships and a well thought out income contingent loan scheme, theywould be at worst neutral and could even have a positive impact on wideningparticipation. Take, first of all, the role of loans. In a series of articles,Barr (1997) and Barr and Crawford (1998) have set out the ingredients of,and mechanics for, a loan schemewhich could generate additional resources,improve access and avoid the revenue leakages identified by Albrecht andZiderman (1993). Their scheme is designed with three purposes in mind:first, for those who wish to avoid up-front payments, they ensure that educationcan remain free at the point of consumption; second, all loans shouldbe fully income-contingent, rather than mortgage-based; third, to themaximum extent possible, they should derive from non-public sources. Thefirst two ensure that the scheme helps access since up-front charges areavoided and repayments are a smaller proportion of start-up income; thelatter that additional non-taxpayer funds are drawn into the system.
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Pinjaman pendapatan-kontingen
Potensi hasil dari biaya diferensial cukup besar, seperti pengalaman AS
menunjukkan. Tapi bagaimana dampak biaya yang lebih tinggi pada permintaan, terutama
dari peserta dari latar belakang berpenghasilan rendah? Bahkan, yang paling banyak dikutip
argumen terhadap biaya diferensial adalah bahwa mereka akan memiliki efek buruk
pada akses. Hal ini dapat dikatakan bahwa bagaimanapun, jika dikombinasikan dengan didanai baik
beasiswa dan dipikirkan skema pinjaman kontingen pendapatan, mereka
akan berada di terburuk netral dan bahkan bisa memiliki dampak positif pada pelebaran
partisipasi. Ambil, pertama-tama, peran pinjaman. Dalam serangkaian artikel,
Barr (1997) dan Barr dan Crawford (1998) telah menetapkan bahan,
dan mekanik untuk, pinjaman schemewhich bisa menghasilkan sumber daya tambahan,
meningkatkan akses dan menghindari kebocoran pendapatan diidentifikasi oleh Albrecht dan
Ziderman (1993 ). Skema mereka dirancang dengan tiga tujuan dalam pikiran:
pertama, bagi mereka yang ingin menghindari muka pembayaran, mereka memastikan bahwa pendidikan
dapat tetap bebas pada titik konsumsi; kedua, semua pinjaman harus
sepenuhnya pendapatan kontingen, bukan berbasis mortgage; ketiga, dengan
semaksimal mungkin, mereka harus berasal dari sumber-sumber non-publik. The
pertama dua memastikan bahwa skema membantu akses sejak biaya di muka yang
dihindari dan pembayaran adalah sebagian kecil dari pendapatan start-up; yang
terakhir bahwa dana non-pembayar pajak tambahan ditarik ke dalam sistem.
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