Table 2: Best practice valuation ap

Table 2: Best practice valuation approaches for most important cost components

Cost component Best practice approach

Costs of scarce infrastructure

WTPa for the estimation of the value of time (based on stated preference approaches). Alternatively: WTAb. WTP for scarce access slots (based on SPc with real or artificial approaches). Alternatively: WTA.

Accident costs Resource costs for valuation of injuries. WTP for the estimation of the value of statistical life, based on SP for the reduction of traffic risks. Alternatively: WTA.

Air pollution costs and human health
Impact pathway approach using resource cost and WTP for human life (life years lost). Alternatively: WTA.

Air pollution and building/material damages
Impact pathway approach using repair costs.

Air pollution and nature Impact pathway approach using losses (e.g. crop losses at factor costs).
Noise Annoyance costs: WTP approach based on hedonic pricing (loss of rents – this reflects WTA) or SP for noise reduction. Health costs: impact pathway approach for human health using WTP.
Climate change Avoidance cost approach based on reduction scenarios of GHG-emissions; alternatively, damage cost approach; shadow prices of an emission trading system.
Nature and Landscape Compensation cost approach (based on virtual repair costs).
a willingness to pay, b willingness to accept, c stated preference approach
Source: 2008 Handbook

Table 2: Best practice valuation approaches for most important cost components

Cost component Best practice approach

Costs of scarce infrastructure

WTPa for the estimation of the value of time (based on stated preference approaches). Alternatively: WTAb. WTP for scarce access slots (based on SPc with real or artificial approaches). Alternatively: WTA.

Accident costs Resource costs for valuation of injuries. WTP for the estimation of the value of statistical life, based on SP for the reduction of traffic risks. Alternatively: WTA.

Air pollution costs and human health 
Impact pathway approach using resource cost and WTP for human life (life years lost). Alternatively: WTA.

Air pollution and building/material damages 
Impact pathway approach using repair costs.

Air pollution and nature Impact pathway approach using losses (e.g. crop losses at factor costs). 
Noise Annoyance costs: WTP approach based on hedonic pricing (loss of rents – this reflects WTA) or SP for noise reduction. Health costs: impact pathway approach for human health using WTP. 
Climate change Avoidance cost approach based on reduction scenarios of GHG-emissions; alternatively, damage cost approach; shadow prices of an emission trading system. 
Nature and Landscape Compensation cost approach (based on virtual repair costs). 
a willingness to pay, b willingness to accept, c stated preference approach 
Source: 2008 Handbook

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Table 2: Best practice valuation approaches for most important cost components Cost component Best practice approach Costs of scarce infrastructure WTPa for the estimation of the value of time (based on stated preference approaches). Alternatively: WTAb. WTP for scarce access slots (based on SPc with real or artificial approaches). Alternatively: WTA. Accident costs Resource costs for valuation of injuries. WTP for the estimation of the value of statistical life, based on SP for the reduction of traffic risks. Alternatively: WTA. Air pollution costs and human health Impact pathway approach using resource cost and WTP for human life (life years lost). Alternatively: WTA. Air pollution and building/material damages Impact pathway approach using repair costs. Air pollution and nature Impact pathway approach using losses (e.g. crop losses at factor costs). Noise Annoyance costs: WTP approach based on hedonic pricing (loss of rents – this reflects WTA) or SP for noise reduction. Health costs: impact pathway approach for human health using WTP. Climate change Avoidance cost approach based on reduction scenarios of GHG-emissions; alternatively, damage cost approach; shadow prices of an emission trading system. Nature and Landscape Compensation cost approach (based on virtual repair costs). a willingness to pay, b willingness to accept, c stated preference approach Source: 2008 Handbook

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Tabel 2: pendekatan praktek penilaian terbaik untuk komponen biaya yang paling penting Biaya komponen Terbaik pendekatan praktek Biaya infrastruktur langka WTPa untuk estimasi nilai waktu (berdasarkan preferensi menyatakan pendekatan). Alternatif: WTAb. WTP untuk slot akses langka (berdasarkan SPC dengan pendekatan nyata atau buatan). Alternatif:. WTA biaya Kecelakaan biaya Sumber Daya untuk penilaian cedera. WTP untuk estimasi nilai kehidupan statistik, berdasarkan SP untuk pengurangan risiko lalu lintas. Alternatif:. WTA biaya polusi udara dan kesehatan manusia pendekatan jalur Dampak menggunakan biaya sumber daya dan WTP bagi kehidupan manusia (life tahun hilang). Alternatif:. WTA Polusi udara dan kerusakan bangunan / bahan pendekatan jalur Dampak menggunakan biaya perbaikan. Polusi udara dan Dampak alam pendekatan jalur menggunakan kerugian (misalnya kerugian tanaman dengan biaya faktor). Biaya Kebisingan Annoyance: Pendekatan WTP didasarkan pada harga hedonis (hilangnya sewa - ini mencerminkan WTA) atau SP untuk mengurangi kebisingan. Biaya kesehatan: pendekatan jalur dampak bagi kesehatan manusia menggunakan WTP. Iklim pendekatan biaya perubahan Penghindaran berdasarkan skenario pengurangan gas rumah kaca emisi; alternatif, pendekatan biaya kerusakan; . harga bayangan sebuah sistem perdagangan emisi Alam dan pendekatan biaya Kompensasi Landscape (berdasarkan biaya perbaikan virtual). kemauan untuk membayar, b kesediaan untuk menerima, c menyatakan pendekatan preferensi Sumber: 2008 Handbook

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