selenium that is essential for both innate and acquired immunity (14). terjemahan - selenium that is essential for both innate and acquired immunity (14). Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

selenium that is essential for both

selenium that is essential for both innate and acquired immunity (14). moreover, a persistent acute phase response-induced alteration in micronutrient concentrations, such as hypozincemia, may represent a significant risk to the individual if it occurs during pregnancy (15). measuring aspects of the immune system and its active state can help interpret serum concentrations of micronutrients affected by acute phase responses. functional indicators are less affected by recent changes in food and fluid intake, but they can be influenced by a number of nutrient abnormalities and may not be nutrient specific. functional markers for the status of micronutrients such as zinc, iron, or vitamin A need to be developed.
because of the limitations associated with dietary assessment methods and the fact that biochemical markers do not always reflect nutritional status, the correlation between blood levels and the intake of a specific nutrient is often not high (9). some biomarkers may have a role in clinical practice as surrogate measure of intake, for example, lutein for B-carotene (17), or of nutritional status for example, the plasma-soluble transferrin receptore for iron deficiency (17). for biochemical markers to be useful, however, a better understanding of how they are related to intake and what else affects their levels need to be determined. finally, pregnancy hemodilution appears to decrease plasma micronutrient levels, but a formal allowance for this effect has not been made for all micronutrients-as it has been for hemoglobin-and further work is needed in this area.
Relatively low technological immunoassay methods are continually being developed. most of the new laboratory assays require smaller volumes of blood samples that can be obtained from capillary blood (18) by minimally trained nonclinical staff. the challenge is how to make the available miniaturized assays field-friendly, safe, and cold chain-free using dried whole blood or dried serum spots. many analytes are stable at ambient temperature in dried blood spots and filter papers can be easily sent to a higher tier laboratory for analysis. however, as gitau and filteau (see chapter 3) note, the collection of finger prick blood can include variable amounts of extracellular fluid depending on the collection technique. additionally, the spread of the spot on filter paper is not completely uniform consequently the variability in results from these samples can be greater than that from plasma. blood spots are currently most useful for qualitative analyses, such as the presence or absence of a specific antibody, or semiquantitative analyses where large differences are expected between normal and abnormal levels, such as with thyroid stimulating hormone. A second limitation to using the new and ever-expanding number of low technology immunoassay methods is that reference standards for interlaboratory comparisons are often not available. there is also no general agreement on the cutoff for deficiency for some biomarkers such as retinol binding protein. cutoffs are also needed for many acute phase proteins such as @1- antichymotrypsin, @1-acid-glycoprotein, and c-reactive protein, indicating that additional work is needed in this area. Finally, determining the functional significance, in terms of important maternal and infant outcomes, of the newly developed methods and their indicators need is essential.
The advent of validated miniaturized assays for both immune and nutritional status and good access to laboratories with effective quality control procedures will facilitate the testing of nutritional interventions using challenge formats-that is, vaccinations -to explore adaptive reponses. they will also enable the testing of theoretical associations between the vaccination challenges used and the expected deficits from specific micronutrients deficiency states.
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selenium that is essential for both innate and acquired immunity (14). moreover, a persistent acute phase response-induced alteration in micronutrient concentrations, such as hypozincemia, may represent a significant risk to the individual if it occurs during pregnancy (15). measuring aspects of the immune system and its active state can help interpret serum concentrations of micronutrients affected by acute phase responses. functional indicators are less affected by recent changes in food and fluid intake, but they can be influenced by a number of nutrient abnormalities and may not be nutrient specific. functional markers for the status of micronutrients such as zinc, iron, or vitamin A need to be developed. because of the limitations associated with dietary assessment methods and the fact that biochemical markers do not always reflect nutritional status, the correlation between blood levels and the intake of a specific nutrient is often not high (9). some biomarkers may have a role in clinical practice as surrogate measure of intake, for example, lutein for B-carotene (17), or of nutritional status for example, the plasma-soluble transferrin receptore for iron deficiency (17). for biochemical markers to be useful, however, a better understanding of how they are related to intake and what else affects their levels need to be determined. finally, pregnancy hemodilution appears to decrease plasma micronutrient levels, but a formal allowance for this effect has not been made for all micronutrients-as it has been for hemoglobin-and further work is needed in this area. Relatively low technological immunoassay methods are continually being developed. most of the new laboratory assays require smaller volumes of blood samples that can be obtained from capillary blood (18) by minimally trained nonclinical staff. the challenge is how to make the available miniaturized assays field-friendly, safe, and cold chain-free using dried whole blood or dried serum spots. many analytes are stable at ambient temperature in dried blood spots and filter papers can be easily sent to a higher tier laboratory for analysis. however, as gitau and filteau (see chapter 3) note, the collection of finger prick blood can include variable amounts of extracellular fluid depending on the collection technique. additionally, the spread of the spot on filter paper is not completely uniform consequently the variability in results from these samples can be greater than that from plasma. blood spots are currently most useful for qualitative analyses, such as the presence or absence of a specific antibody, or semiquantitative analyses where large differences are expected between normal and abnormal levels, such as with thyroid stimulating hormone. A second limitation to using the new and ever-expanding number of low technology immunoassay methods is that reference standards for interlaboratory comparisons are often not available. there is also no general agreement on the cutoff for deficiency for some biomarkers such as retinol binding protein. cutoffs are also needed for many acute phase proteins such as @1- antichymotrypsin, @1-acid-glycoprotein, and c-reactive protein, indicating that additional work is needed in this area. Finally, determining the functional significance, in terms of important maternal and infant outcomes, of the newly developed methods and their indicators need is essential. The advent of validated miniaturized assays for both immune and nutritional status and good access to laboratories with effective quality control procedures will facilitate the testing of nutritional interventions using challenge formats-that is, vaccinations -to explore adaptive reponses. they will also enable the testing of theoretical associations between the vaccination challenges used and the expected deficits from specific micronutrients deficiency states.
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selenium yang penting untuk kedua imunitas bawaan dan diperoleh (14). apalagi, fase akut respon yang disebabkan perubahan terus-menerus dalam konsentrasi mikronutrien, seperti hypozincemia, mungkin merupakan risiko yang signifikan bagi individu jika terjadi selama kehamilan (15). mengukur aspek dari sistem kekebalan tubuh dan negara aktif dapat membantu menafsirkan konsentrasi serum mikronutrien dipengaruhi oleh tanggapan fase akut. indikator fungsional yang kurang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan terbaru dalam makanan dan asupan cairan, tetapi mereka dapat dipengaruhi oleh sejumlah kelainan nutrisi dan mungkin tidak spesifik gizi. penanda fungsional untuk status mikronutrien seperti seng, besi, atau vitamin A perlu dikembangkan.
karena keterbatasan terkait dengan metode penilaian diet dan fakta bahwa penanda biokimia tidak selalu mencerminkan status gizi, korelasi antara tingkat darah dan asupan nutrisi tertentu sering tidak tinggi (9). beberapa biomarker mungkin memiliki peran dalam praktek klinis sebagai ukuran pengganti asupan, misalnya, lutein untuk B-karoten (17), atau status gizi misalnya, transferin receptore plasma-larut untuk defisiensi besi (17). untuk penanda biokimia untuk menjadi berguna, namun, pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana mereka berhubungan dengan intake dan apa lagi mempengaruhi tingkat mereka perlu ditentukan. akhirnya, kehamilan hemodilusi tampaknya menurunkan kadar mikronutrien plasma, tetapi tunjangan formal untuk efek ini belum dibuat untuk semua-mikronutrien seperti yang telah untuk hemoglobin-dan pekerjaan lebih lanjut diperlukan di daerah ini.
metode immunoassay teknologi yang relatif rendah terus-menerus menjadi dikembangkan. sebagian besar tes laboratorium baru memerlukan volume yang lebih kecil dari sampel darah yang dapat diperoleh dari darah kapiler (18) oleh minimal staf terlatih non klinis. tantangannya adalah bagaimana membuat tes miniatur tersedia lapangan-ramah, aman, dan rantai bebas menggunakan kering seluruh darah atau flek serum kering dingin. banyak analit yang stabil pada suhu kamar di tempat kering darah dan kertas filter dapat dengan mudah dikirim ke laboratorium tingkat yang lebih tinggi untuk analisis. Namun, sebagai gitau dan filteau (lihat bab 3) catatan, koleksi jari darah tusukan dapat mencakup jumlah variabel cairan ekstraseluler tergantung pada teknik pengumpulan. selain itu, penyebaran tempat di atas kertas filter tidak sepenuhnya seragam akibatnya variabilitas dalam hasil dari sampel tersebut dapat lebih besar dari itu dari plasma. bercak darah saat paling berguna untuk analisis kualitatif, seperti ada atau tidak adanya antibodi spesifik, atau analisis semikuantitatif mana perbedaan besar diharapkan antara normal dan abnormal tingkat, seperti dengan tiroid stimulating hormone. Keterbatasan kedua untuk menggunakan nomor baru dan terus berkembang dari metode immunoassay teknologi rendah adalah bahwa standar acuan untuk perbandingan antar laboratorium sering tidak tersedia. ada juga tidak ada kesepakatan umum di cutoff kekurangan untuk beberapa biomarker seperti protein yang mengikat retinol. celana juga diperlukan untuk banyak protein fase akut seperti @ 1- antichymotrypsin, @ 1-asam-glikoprotein, dan protein c-reactive, menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaan tambahan yang diperlukan di daerah ini. Akhirnya, menentukan makna fungsional, dalam hal hasil ibu dan bayi penting, metode yang baru dikembangkan dan indikator mereka butuhkan adalah penting.
Munculnya divalidasi tes miniatur untuk kedua status kekebalan dan gizi dan akses yang baik ke laboratorium dengan prosedur kontrol kualitas yang efektif akan memfasilitasi pengujian intervensi gizi menggunakan format tantangan-yang, vaksinasi -untuk menjelajahi reponses adaptif. mereka juga akan memungkinkan pengujian asosiasi teoritis antara tantangan vaksinasi digunakan dan defisit diharapkan dari negara defisiensi mikronutrien tertentu.
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