2. Sharia-compliant products and agency problemsThere are five princip terjemahan - 2. Sharia-compliant products and agency problemsThere are five princip Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

2. Sharia-compliant products and ag

2. Sharia-compliant products and agency problems

There are five principles that differentiate Islamic or Sharia5-

compliant finance from conventional finance. On the one hand, there

are the prohibition on riba (usury, which is generally defined as
interest or excessive interest), the prohibition on gharar (risk or

uncertainty, which is generally defined as speculation), and the pro

hibition on financing for illicit sectors (such as weapons, drugs, alco

hol, and pork). On the other hand, there are the profit- and loss-

sharing principle and the principle that all transactions have to be

backed by a real economic transaction that involves a tangible asset.

In order for banks and their clients to comply with Sharia, over the

past decades, specific products have been developed that avoid the

concept of interest and imply a certain degree of risk-sharing.

One important feature is the pass-through of risk between

depositor and borrower.

Among the most common Islamic banking products are part

nership loans between bank and borrowers, which are based

strictly on profit-loss sharing. Under the mudaraba contract, profits

are shared at a predetermined ratio, while the losses are borne

exclusively by the bank, i.e. the entrepreneur is covered by limited

liability provisions. While the entrepreneur has the ultimate con

trol over her business, major investment decisions, including the

participation of other investors, have to be approved by the bank.

The Musharaka contract, on the other hand, has the bank as one

of several investors, with profits and losses being shared among

all investors. These partnership arrangements are mirrored on

the deposit side, with investment accounts or deposits that do

not imply a fixed, preset return but profit-loss sharing. Such invest

ment deposits can be either linked to a bank’s profit level or to a

specific investment account on the asset side of a bank’s balance
sheet. Depositors thus turn from creditors of the bank to residual

claimants.

Other Sharia-complaint financial products are not based on

profit-loss sharing, such as the Murabaha contract, which resem

bles a leasing contract in conventional banking. By involving the

purchase of goods, it gets around the prohibition to make a return

on money lending. As in leasing contracts, the bank buys an invest

ment good on behalf of the client and then on-sells it to the client,

with staggered payments and a profit margin in the form of a fee.

Similarly, operating leases (Ijarah) where the bank keeps owner

ship of the investment good and rents it to the client for a fee

are feasible financial transactions under Sharia-law. While the dis

counting of lOUs and promissory notes is not allowed under Sha

na-law as it would involve indirect interest rate payments, a

similar structure can be achieved by splitting such an operation

into two contracts, with full payment of the amount of the IOU

on the one hand, and a fee or commission for this pre-payment,

on the other hand.
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2. Sharia-compliant products and agency problemsThere are five principles that differentiate Islamic or Sharia5-compliant finance from conventional finance. On the one hand, thereare the prohibition on riba (usury, which is generally defined asinterest or excessive interest), the prohibition on gharar (risk oruncertainty, which is generally defined as speculation), and the prohibition on financing for illicit sectors (such as weapons, drugs, alcohol, and pork). On the other hand, there are the profit- and loss-sharing principle and the principle that all transactions have to bebacked by a real economic transaction that involves a tangible asset.In order for banks and their clients to comply with Sharia, over thepast decades, specific products have been developed that avoid theconcept of interest and imply a certain degree of risk-sharing.One important feature is the pass-through of risk betweendepositor and borrower.Among the most common Islamic banking products are partnership loans between bank and borrowers, which are basedstrictly on profit-loss sharing. Under the mudaraba contract, profitsare shared at a predetermined ratio, while the losses are borneexclusively by the bank, i.e. the entrepreneur is covered by limitedliability provisions. While the entrepreneur has the ultimate control over her business, major investment decisions, including theparticipation of other investors, have to be approved by the bank.The Musharaka contract, on the other hand, has the bank as oneof several investors, with profits and losses being shared amongall investors. These partnership arrangements are mirrored onthe deposit side, with investment accounts or deposits that donot imply a fixed, preset return but profit-loss sharing. Such investment deposits can be either linked to a bank’s profit level or to aspecific investment account on the asset side of a bank’s balancesheet. Depositors thus turn from creditors of the bank to residualclaimants.Other Sharia-complaint financial products are not based onprofit-loss sharing, such as the Murabaha contract, which resembles a leasing contract in conventional banking. By involving thepurchase of goods, it gets around the prohibition to make a returnon money lending. As in leasing contracts, the bank buys an investment good on behalf of the client and then on-sells it to the client,with staggered payments and a profit margin in the form of a fee.Similarly, operating leases (Ijarah) where the bank keeps ownership of the investment good and rents it to the client for a feeare feasible financial transactions under Sharia-law. While the discounting of lOUs and promissory notes is not allowed under Shana-law as it would involve indirect interest rate payments, asimilar structure can be achieved by splitting such an operationinto two contracts, with full payment of the amount of the IOUon the one hand, and a fee or commission for this pre-payment,on the other hand.
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Produk 2. berbasis syariah dan masalah keagenan Ada lima prinsip yang membedakan Islam atau Sharia5- keuangan sesuai dari keuangan konvensional. Di satu sisi, ada adalah larangan riba (riba, yang secara umum didefinisikan sebagai bunga atau bunga yang berlebihan), larangan gharar (risiko atau ketidakpastian, yang secara umum didefinisikan sebagai spekulasi), dan pro hibition dari pembiayaan untuk terlarang sektor (seperti senjata, obat-obatan, alco hol, dan babi). Di sisi lain, ada yang profit dan relevan disebabkan prinsip berbagi dan prinsip bahwa semua transaksi telah harus didukung oleh transaksi ekonomi nyata yang melibatkan aset nyata. Agar bank dan klien mereka untuk mematuhi Syariah, selama dekade terakhir, produk-produk tertentu telah dikembangkan yang menghindari konsep bunga dan menyiratkan tingkat tertentu pembagian risiko. Salah satu fitur penting adalah pass-through risiko antara deposan dan peminjam. diantara produk perbankan syariah yang paling umum adalah bagian pinjaman nership antara Bank dan debitur, yang didasarkan ketat pada pembagian laba-rugi. Dalam kontrak mudharabah, keuntungan dibagi pada rasio yang telah ditentukan, sedangkan kerugian ditanggung secara eksklusif oleh bank, yaitu pengusaha ditutupi oleh terbatas ketentuan kewajiban. Sementara pengusaha memiliki ultimate con trol lebih bisnisnya, keputusan investasi besar, termasuk partisipasi investor lainnya, telah disetujui oleh bank. The musyarakah kontrak, di sisi lain, memiliki bank sebagai salah satu dari beberapa investor, dengan keuntungan dan kerugian yang dibagi di antara semua investor. Pengaturan kemitraan ini dicerminkan pada sisi deposito, dengan rekening investasi atau deposito yang tidak menyiratkan tetap, kembali ditetapkan namun berbagi laba-rugi. Berinvestasi seperti deposito ment dapat ditautkan ke tingkat keuntungan bank atau ke rekening investasi tertentu di sisi aset keseimbangan bank lembar. Deposan sehingga berbalik dari kreditur bank untuk sisa pengadu. Produk keuangan lainnya Syariah-keluhan yang tidak didasarkan pada pembagian laba-rugi, seperti kontrak Murabahah, yang resem bles kontrak leasing di perbankan konvensional. Dengan melibatkan pembelian barang, mendapat sekitar larangan untuk membuat kembali pinjaman uang. Seperti dalam kontrak leasing, bank membeli sebuah investasi pemerintah baik atas nama klien dan kemudian di-menjualnya kepada klien, dengan pembayaran terhuyung-huyung dan margin keuntungan dalam bentuk biaya. Demikian pula, sewa operasi (Ijarah) di mana Bank terus pemilik kapal investasi yang baik dan menyewakannya kepada klien untuk biaya yang transaksi keuangan layak di bawah Syariah-hukum. Sementara dis penghitungan Lous dan promissory notes tidak diperbolehkan di bawah Sha na-hukum karena akan melibatkan langsung pembayaran bunga, sebuah struktur yang sama dapat dicapai dengan memisahkan operasi semacam dua kontrak, dengan pembayaran penuh dari jumlah yang IOU di satu sisi, dan biaya atau komisi untuk pra-pembayaran, di sisi lain.




























































































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