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B1 Uni Eropa Directive II solvabilitas-lingkupUni Eropa dan asuransi – latar belakang sejarahSejak perjanjian Roma (1957), Uni Eropa telah bekerja untuk menciptakan pasar tunggal untuk semua aktivitas perdagangan, karena hal ini akan membawa manfaat ekonomi dan sosial kepada masyarakat. Sehubungan dengan asuransi, ini berarti berusaha untuk menghilangkan perbedaan antara negara-negara anggota dari segi hukum asuransi; praktek asuransi; Negara pengawasan; dan bagaimana produk yang dibeli dan dijual. Ini telah menghasilkan di stabil streaming dari Uni Eropa direktif yang harus ditafsirkan oleh masing-masing negara, diserap ke dalam undang-undang lokal, dan sehingga memungkinkan kerangka peraturan umum Eropa asuransi yang akan dibangun.Untuk masa depan pengaturan asuransi, Uni Eropa telah memutuskan untuk mengadopsi bentuk versi terbaru dari Basel II yang didasarkan pada tiga konsep umum yang mendasari, dikenal sebagai 'Pilar'. Meskipun Basel II ini dirancang terutama sebagai metode untuk memastikan modal memadai di perusahaan diatur melalui manajemen risiko, Uni Eropa beradaptasi dengan tujuan untuk melindungi pelanggan. Hal ini juga mungkin mengakibatkan agak mengerut peraturan.Meskipun banyak kesulitan praktis, bekerja pada rezim peraturan baru terus maju, meskipun perlahan-lahan. Tonggak berikutnya ini diharapkan akan berbasis risiko solvabilitas Directive (seperti proyek IAIS dikenal sebagai solvabilitas II). Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan transparansi, perlindungan kebijakan yang lebih baik dan lebih banyak fleksibilitas untuk regulator. Seperti kebanyakan EU peraturan inisiatif lain. Solvabilitas II melibatkan banyak konsultasi internasional dan mungkin diperlukan beberapa waktu sebelum dan disepakati versi dilaksanakan oleh regulator di semua negara anggota.Meskipun namanya, Uni Eropa Directive II solvabilitas ini tidak terbatas pada persyaratan modal perusahaan asuransi. Ini memperkenalkan pendekatan Basel II di atas berbasis risiko ke dalam peraturan asuransi dan mengambil kesempatan untuk mengkonsolidasikan 14 dari arahan EU terkait dengan asuransi sebelumnya menjadi sebuah dokumen tunggal. It juga menggabungkan hari berpikir tentang tata kelola perusahaan, manajemen risiko, dan standar akuntansi internasional. Solvabilitas II dibahas secara lebih mendalam di bab berikutnya.C perbedaan antara regulasi Prudential dan melakukan bisnisAs was mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, regulators draw a distinction between the high level regulatory rules, which they might refer to as supervision, and the lower level regulation of the way firms carry out their business. In some regimes these two levels may be dealt with by different regulatory bodies and conduct of business may possibly be self-regulated by the industry itself. Indeed, until 2005 conduct of business for non-life firms was self-regulated in the UK. These two levels of regulation are visible within the FSA regime, and the rules applying to each are largely, but not completely, placed in different parts of the FSA Handbook.The FSA calls its high level rules Prudential regulation. It defines this as regulation in relation to activities carried out by a firm, the context in which the activities have, or might reasonably be regarded as likely to have, a negative effect on:a) confidence in the financial system; orb) the ability of the firm to meet either:i. the fit and proper test in the threshold condition; orii. the applicable requirement and standards under the regulatory system relating to the firm’s financial resources.Prudential regulation tends to be found in the High Level Standards and Prudential Standards blocks of the FSA Handbook.The lower level rules are referred to as Conduct of Business regulation. The FSA defines this as the detailed requirements relating to firm’s day-to-day business. This type of regulation tends to be found in the Business Standards block.Of course there are other rules in the Handbook that do not appear to fit precisely into either category. Nevertheless, this broad distinction is quite helpful and is used throughout the industry.D Outline of FSA Handbook and current initiativesD1 BackgroundIt is presumed that you will be familiar with the FSA Handbook. The purpose of this section is therefore merely to provide a reminder of some of the more important features and to draw attention to its impact on the corporate management of insurance firms.D2 Basic structure of the FSA HandbookThe FSA Handbook is divided into general subject areas called blocks, each of which comprises a number of sourcebooks or manuals, some of which apply to all regulated firms while others only apply to firms in specific businesses. Each sourcebook has been given a reference code that is an abbreviation such as ‘PRIN’, which is used a prefix for any regulation or guidance in that particular area or subject matter.Understanding FSA terminologyThe status of each of the paragraphs in a sourcebook is shown by the following designators:R – Rule (has the status of law and must be followed).P – Principle (effectively as powerful as a Rule, but has no legal status).G – Guidance (indicates how a Rule may be compiled with). D – Direction (minor Rule).(Thus, DISP 1, 5.4 R Reporting Complaints to the FSA is found in the Redress Block in the Dispute Resolution: Complaints Sourcebook, which has (DISP) Reference Code, under paragraph 1,5.4 and it is a rule so must be obeyed.)The FSA Handbook is designed so that some sourcebooks apply to all regulated firms, irrespective of sector. Others, however, apply only to specified sectors or even to particular activities. For example, sourcebooks in the High Level Standards block apply to every firm. On the other hand, the Insurance: Conduct of Business (ICOBS) sourcebook applies only to those selling, or giving advice on, insurance products.
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