2. Detectors commonly employed with

2. Detectors commonly employed with LEDs
Following the trend of miniaturisation, detectors must provide high sensitivity for small detection
volumes (ca. 10 nL-10 pL) and low analyte concentrations [24], in addition they must be affordable,
versatile, reliable, accurate and small in size. LEDs have the ability to be coupled (for example, with
waveguides or optical fibers [13, 25-28]) to a wide variety of detectors such as, photodiode-arrays
(PDA) [3, 5, 29-34], photomultiplier tubes (PMT) [35-41], light dependent resistors (LDR) [42-47],
phototransistors (PT) [21, 23, 48-53], photodiodes (PD) [11, 12, 54-73] and LEDs [74-85]. By far, the
most common detector used in LED based chemical sensors is the photodiode.

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2. detektor yang umum digunakan dengan LED Mengikuti tren miniaturisation, detektor harus memberikan sensitivitas tinggi untuk deteksi kecil Volume (ca. 10 nL-10 pL) dan konsentrasi rendah analyte [24], Selain itu mereka harus terjangkau, serbaguna, dapat diandalkan, akurat dan dalam ukuran kecil. LED memiliki kemampuan untuk digabungkan (misalnya, dengan waveguides atau serat optik [13, 25-28]) untuk berbagai detektor seperti, fotodioda-array (PDA) [3, 5, 29-34], tabung photomultiplier (PMT) [35-41], cahaya tergantung resistor (LDR) [42-47], transistor-foto (PT) [21, 23, 48-53], photodiodes (PD) [11, 12, 54-73] dan LED [74-85]. Sejauh ini, detektor yang paling umum digunakan dalam LED berbasis kimia sensor adalah fotodioda.