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Some degree of order and regularity

Some degree of order and regularity must be assured if social life in
any community is to be sustained. This state need not be one of
quiet harmony, and indeed societies differ widely as to the amount
of friction and disorder which their members seem able to tolerate;
but conditions must be such that children can be reared and
consistent arrangements made for the provision of food, drink and
shelter. If this is to be achieved an element of order must endure
over time within the group as well as between that group and any
other with which it is in immediate contact. In this chapter we
consider what foundations the first, internal, aspect of order rests
on; what it consists of and how its continuity is secured.



It should be recognized from the start that the conditions we
are talking about need not be associated with any particular form of
governmental organization. The prerequisites for survival certainly
do not include the presence of a ruler, able to keep the peace by
force among his people. As we have already noted, many of the
societies we shall be considering are acephalous, without
centralized government and agencies expressly concerned with the
enforcement of order. But even in societies where such
arrangements are present there is room for argument as to their
importance in holding everything together. Indeed, scholars
disagree profoundly as to whether the cohesion of a society like our
own is primarily attributable to the presence of mutually accepted
rules or to the coercive exercise of power.
At first sight there is
little room for such debate in societies without explicit enforcement
agencies, but even in the absence of a ruler, coercive elements may
still be present (if superficially concealed) in an age-set
organization or kinship system which entrenches the dominance of
elderly or genealogically senior men.
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Some degree of order and regularity must be assured if social life inany community is to be sustained. This state need not be one ofquiet harmony, and indeed societies differ widely as to the amountof friction and disorder which their members seem able to tolerate;but conditions must be such that children can be reared andconsistent arrangements made for the provision of food, drink andshelter. If this is to be achieved an element of order must endureover time within the group as well as between that group and anyother with which it is in immediate contact. In this chapter weconsider what foundations the first, internal, aspect of order restson; what it consists of and how its continuity is secured.It should be recognized from the start that the conditions weare talking about need not be associated with any particular form ofgovernmental organization. The prerequisites for survival certainlydo not include the presence of a ruler, able to keep the peace byforce among his people. As we have already noted, many of thesocieties we shall be considering are acephalous, withoutcentralized government and agencies expressly concerned with theenforcement of order. But even in societies where sucharrangements are present there is room for argument as to theirimportance in holding everything together. Indeed, scholarsdisagree profoundly as to whether the cohesion of a society like ourown is primarily attributable to the presence of mutually acceptedrules or to the coercive exercise of power.At first sight there islittle room for such debate in societies without explicit enforcementagencies, but even in the absence of a ruler, coercive elements may still be present (if superficially concealed) in an age-set organization or kinship system which entrenches the dominance ofelderly or genealogically senior men.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Beberapa derajat ketertiban dan keteraturan harus terjamin jika kehidupan sosial di
setiap masyarakat harus dipertahankan. Negara ini tidak perlu menjadi salah satu
harmoni tenang, dan memang masyarakat sangat berbeda untuk jumlah
gesekan dan gangguan yang tampaknya mampu mentolerir anggotanya;
tapi kondisi harus sedemikian rupa sehingga anak-anak dapat dipelihara dan
pengaturan yang konsisten dibuat untuk penyediaan makanan , minum dan
tempat tinggal. Jika ini adalah untuk dicapai unsur rangka harus bertahan
dari waktu ke waktu dalam kelompok serta antara kelompok dan setiap
lain dengan yang berada dalam kontak langsung. Dalam bab ini kita
menganggap yayasan apa yang pertama, internal aspek agar bertumpu
pada; apa yang terdiri dari dan bagaimana kesinambungannya dijamin. Ini harus diakui dari awal bahwa kondisi kita berbicara tentang tidak perlu dikaitkan dengan bentuk tertentu organisasi pemerintah. Prasyarat untuk bertahan hidup tentu tidak termasuk kehadiran penggaris, mampu menjaga perdamaian dengan kekuatan antara umat-Nya. Seperti yang telah kita mencatat, banyak dari masyarakat kita akan mempertimbangkan yang acephalous, tanpa pemerintah terpusat dan lembaga tegas berkaitan dengan penegakan ketertiban. Tetapi bahkan dalam masyarakat di mana seperti pengaturan yang hadir ada ruang untuk argumen untuk mereka penting dalam memegang semuanya bersama-sama. Memang, ulama tidak setuju mendalam apakah kohesi masyarakat seperti kita sendiri terutama disebabkan adanya diterima saling aturan atau latihan koersif kekuasaan. Pada pandangan pertama ada sedikit ruang untuk debat seperti dalam masyarakat tanpa penegakan eksplisit lembaga , tapi bahkan tanpa adanya penguasa, unsur pemaksaan mungkin masih hadir (jika dangkal tersembunyi) di usia-set organisasi atau kekerabatan sistem yang berarti menetapkan dominasi laki-laki tua atau genealogis senior.





















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