the effective tax rate are interpreted as changes in policy; in genera terjemahan - the effective tax rate are interpreted as changes in policy; in genera Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

the effective tax rate are interpre

the effective tax rate are interpreted as changes in policy; in general, they occur because
localities make adjustments to their statutory tax rates or because the rate of increase in
average property assessments differs from the rate of overall inflation (as measured by
the GDP price index).9 Thus, when property values rise and local governments do not
offset the increase with a decrease in the statutory tax rate, we score the change in
revenue as a policy induced tax increase. For example, in a year when property
assessments rise 20 percent, on average, overall prices rise 3 percent, and statutory tax
rates are constant, on average, the effective tax rate—our policy indicator—would show
an increase of 17 percent. In a scenario where localities cut the statutory tax by 5 percent
in response to the run-up in assessments, the effective tax rate would rise 12 percent; this
increase in the effective tax rate—not the 5 percent cut in the statutory rate—would
represent the policy change.
On the expenditure side, we define constant policy for Medicaid as a constant
ratio of outlays (net of federal grants) to potential GDP, and we interpret deviations in
this ratio as changes in policy.10 We use a similar algorithm for other transfers. For
purchases of goods and services, we include both consumption and investment
expenditures and define constant policy as a constant real (i.e. inflation-adjusted) level of
purchases. To measure the real demand effect of taxes and transfers, we deflate the
nominal values of these items by the price index for personal consumption expenditures.
After aggregating all of these effects together, we scale the result by real GDP to obtain a
percentage point contribution to growth in real GDP.
As Figure 3 indicates, state and local fiscal impetus varies a good deal from year
to year. The variation was especially large in the 1980s, when fiscal impetus went from
being sharply negative in the early years of the decade to quite expansionary by the
middle of the decade—indeed, by 1985-86, state and local government policy actions
were contributing ¾ percentage point per year to real GDP growth. (In total, real GDP
rose 4 percent in 1985 and 3½ percent in 1986.) In the late 1980s and the first half of the
1990s, fiscal impetus diminished as governments grappled with budget difficulties.
9 The effective tax rate is also affected by the ratio of the real housing stock to real potential GDP.
However, this ratio has been relatively stable over time and thus is not a major influence on our policy
measure.
10 We first adjust Medicaid outlays to their high-employment level to remove the cyclical changes from this
program.
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the effective tax rate are interpreted as changes in policy; in general, they occur because
localities make adjustments to their statutory tax rates or because the rate of increase in
average property assessments differs from the rate of overall inflation (as measured by
the GDP price index).9 Thus, when property values rise and local governments do not
offset the increase with a decrease in the statutory tax rate, we score the change in
revenue as a policy induced tax increase. For example, in a year when property
assessments rise 20 percent, on average, overall prices rise 3 percent, and statutory tax
rates are constant, on average, the effective tax rate—our policy indicator—would show
an increase of 17 percent. In a scenario where localities cut the statutory tax by 5 percent
in response to the run-up in assessments, the effective tax rate would rise 12 percent; this
increase in the effective tax rate—not the 5 percent cut in the statutory rate—would
represent the policy change.
On the expenditure side, we define constant policy for Medicaid as a constant
ratio of outlays (net of federal grants) to potential GDP, and we interpret deviations in
this ratio as changes in policy.10 We use a similar algorithm for other transfers. For
purchases of goods and services, we include both consumption and investment
expenditures and define constant policy as a constant real (i.e. inflation-adjusted) level of
purchases. To measure the real demand effect of taxes and transfers, we deflate the
nominal values of these items by the price index for personal consumption expenditures.
After aggregating all of these effects together, we scale the result by real GDP to obtain a
percentage point contribution to growth in real GDP.
As Figure 3 indicates, state and local fiscal impetus varies a good deal from year
to year. The variation was especially large in the 1980s, when fiscal impetus went from
being sharply negative in the early years of the decade to quite expansionary by the
middle of the decade—indeed, by 1985-86, state and local government policy actions
were contributing ¾ percentage point per year to real GDP growth. (In total, real GDP
rose 4 percent in 1985 and 3½ percent in 1986.) In the late 1980s and the first half of the
1990s, fiscal impetus diminished as governments grappled with budget difficulties.
9 The effective tax rate is also affected by the ratio of the real housing stock to real potential GDP.
However, this ratio has been relatively stable over time and thus is not a major influence on our policy
measure.
10 We first adjust Medicaid outlays to their high-employment level to remove the cyclical changes from this
program.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
tarif pajak efektif ditafsirkan sebagai perubahan kebijakan; pada umumnya, mereka terjadi karena
daerah melakukan penyesuaian tarif pajak yang berlaku atau karena laju peningkatan
penilaian properti rata-rata berbeda dari laju inflasi secara keseluruhan (diukur dengan
indeks harga GDP) .9 Dengan demikian, ketika nilai properti meningkat dan lokal pemerintah tidak
mengimbangi kenaikan dengan penurunan tarif pajak, kami mencetak perubahan
pendapatan sebagai kebijakan yang disebabkan kenaikan pajak. Misalnya, dalam satu tahun ketika properti
penilaian naik 20 persen, rata-rata, harga keseluruhan naik 3 persen, dan pajak yang berlaku
tingkat yang konstan, rata-rata, tingkat-kami pajak efektif kebijakan indikator-akan menunjukkan
peningkatan dari 17 persen. Dalam sebuah skenario di mana daerah dipotong pajak wajib sebesar 5 persen
dalam menanggapi run-up dalam penilaian, tarif pajak efektif akan meningkat 12 persen; ini
peningkatan yang efektif tingkat-tidak pajak dipotong 5 persen dalam hukum tingkat-akan
mewakili perubahan kebijakan.
Di sisi pengeluaran, kita mendefinisikan kebijakan konstan untuk Medicaid sebagai konstan
rasio pengeluaran (setelah dikurangi hibah federal) terhadap PDB potensial , dan kita menafsirkan penyimpangan dalam
rasio ini sebagai perubahan policy.10 Kami menggunakan algoritma yang sama untuk transfer lainnya. Untuk
pembelian barang dan jasa, kami mencakup konsumsi dan investasi
pengeluaran dan menentukan kebijakan konstan sebagai nyata (yaitu disesuaikan dengan inflasi) tingkat konstan
pembelian. Untuk mengukur efek permintaan riil pajak dan transfer, kami menggembosi
nilai nominal barang-barang tersebut dengan indeks harga untuk pengeluaran konsumsi pribadi.
Setelah menggabungkan semua efek ini bersama-sama, kita skala hasilnya dengan PDB riil untuk mendapatkan
kontribusi poin persentase pertumbuhan PDB riil.
Seperti Gambar 3 menunjukkan, negara dan dorongan fiskal lokal bervariasi banyak dari tahun
ke tahun. Variasi ini sangat besar di tahun 1980-an, ketika dorongan fiskal pergi dari
menjadi tajam negatif di tahun-tahun awal dekade untuk cukup ekspansif dengan
pertengahan dekade-sungguh, dengan 1985-1986, tindakan kebijakan pemerintah negara bagian dan lokal
yang berkontribusi ¾ persen per tahun terhadap pertumbuhan PDB riil. (Secara total, GDP riil
naik 4 persen pada tahun 1985 dan 3 ½ persen pada tahun 1986.) Pada akhir 1980-an dan paruh pertama
tahun 1990-an, dorongan fiskal berkurang karena pemerintah bergulat dengan kesulitan anggaran.
9 tarif pajak efektif juga dipengaruhi oleh rasio perumahan nyata untuk potensi GDP riil.
Namun, rasio ini relatif stabil dari waktu ke waktu dan dengan demikian tidak pengaruh besar pada kebijakan kami
ukuran.
10 Pertama-tama kita menyesuaikan Medicaid pengeluaran untuk tingkat tinggi kerja mereka untuk menghapus perubahan siklus dari ini
Program.
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