Hasil (
Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
Over the past few decades a dramatic change has clearly taken place in the structure and social role of the media. This change involves, very centrally, a shift in the balance of power between political institutions and the market, an increased dominance of market forces within the media and to some extent increased power of the media themselves, now firmly rooted in the market, relative to social institutions that once controlled or influenced them. The enclosure of the media by market forces is a troubling development, as many have argued (e.g. Croteau and Hoynes 2001; Herman and McChesney 1997; Franklin 1997). Market forces do not guarantee that the media will serve their non-economic function as institutions of the democratic public sphere, and in many ways the breakdown of the forces that counterbalanced market forces has already taken its toll on the quality of democratic media, producing lowered investment in the production of news, sensationalism and other ethical problems, biases in the segments of society served by the media, and in some cases potentially dangerous concentrations of media power. Certainly media policy needs to be centrally focused on mechanisms that might prevent the media from being absorbed more fully still into market mechanisms.Commercialisation, however, is not the only process of social change that has shaped the contemporary media, nor is it entirely simple or consistent in its effects. The media culture that prevails today is a contradictory joint product of several currents - growing commercialisation, yes, but also important legacies of the shift toward critical professionalism in journalism and toward a more populist political culture where social movements and ordinary citizens demand and often get a public hearing. Many of the specific changes that have taken place and the specific genres or practices that have emerged are quite complex in their implications for democracy. One example would be the increased personalisation of public communication, the focus of media on 'private' life and on individual experience. This can be seen in some ways as a depoliticisation of public communication, and hence a shrinking away of the public sphere which increases the power of elites by leaving important areas of social life outside the arena of public debate. This is far from a consistent pattern, however, and in other ways the erosion of established boundaries between 'public' and 'private' (and between information and entertainment) 3 represents an opening to actors previously excluded from the institutionalised public sphere (see e.g. Leurdijk 1997) and a politicisation of areas of social life not previously subject to political contestation, from the experience of individual soldiers and their families to the field of medical care (Briggs and Hallin 2007).The process of change that has led us to where we are today is a complex process. If we are to understand it, we need to avoid dichotomous
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