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Episodic to Mimetic Culture: The fi

Episodic to Mimetic Culture: The first transition in the evolution of the human brain was
from episodic to a mimetic representation capability, a transition which distinguished
humans from other mammals. The mental modeling becomes much more sophisticated
where instead of specific events or situations human experience is modeled into some form
of integrated form. An illustration of the “integrative capability of mimesis” is creating,
duplicating and passing on rhythmic expressions of human experience (Donald, 1991).
Mimetic modeling is involved in the “invention and practice of sport, games, dance, ritual,
and craft” but without verbal thought as mimetic culture is nonlinguistic. Donald
hypothesizes that Mimetic skill developed for social reasons, but in any case once it was
established Mimetic skill led to advances in cultural development; it provided society with
the skill to model itself (Donald, 1991). Mimetic culture is extremely useful today in civic
and religious rituals where collective thought occurs; such exchanges are more common
than most modern humans think (Donald, 1991). Mimetic expression was present in Homo
erectus in games, tool making and ritual and standardized gestures done in a social setting.
Mimetic representational capacity in Homo erectus, according to Donald (1991), set the
stage for semantic memory storage, symbols, and the theoretic mind of Homo sapiens. In
effect, mimetic representations serve as an interim stage between episodic and symbolic
cultures in human brain development--i.e., the development of tools, for example, would
have required some form of rudimentary symbolic representation to pass on the skill to the
next generation.
Mimetic to Mythic Culture: The social role--i.e., to promote social cohesion and
cooperation--of Mimetic skill was reinforced, according to Donald (1991), by the invention
of myth. A society myth is a conceptual model of the human universe or existence inside
the objective or physical environment. Myth builds up over generations and is the narrative
for a specific human social group to be used to compete against other groups “In
conquering a rival society, the first act of the conquerors is to impose their myth on the
conquered” (Donald, 1991, p. 258). The power positions in that society are those who
uphold and control the parameters of the group’s predominant myth, the priests and
shamans. The Mimetic skill is “the prototypal, fundamental, integrative mind tool”
(Donald, 1991, p. 215), both at the level of the individual in the society and, more
importantly, for the social group itself, unifying its members to compete against other
groups it comes into contact with. The increasing size and complexity of larger social
groups, which could defeat smaller social groups they were in competition, required more
efficient social relationships; they needed to be conceptualized and controlled. Language
developed to facilitate myth development and transmission, not as it is commonly
conceived the other way around: “The most important source of selection pressure for an
improved vocal apparatus would have been a mind that needed the features of vocal
language for its modeling agenda” (Donald, 1991, p. 220).
Information behavior: a socio-cognitive ability
Evolutionary Psychology – ISSN 1474-7049 – Volume 5(2). 2007. -268-
Theoretic Culture: Language was an adaptation “that met specific cognitive and culture
needs,” which can be specifically labeled as “the formalization and unification of thought
and knowledge” into theoretic systems (Donald, 1991, p. 216). Theoretic thinking was a
much more powerful form of thinking than what had come before in the Mimetic culture.
Theoretic culture includes analytic thought, grammatical invention, memory-management
skills, attentional algorithms and the development of theories linking concepts together in
abstract thought (Donald, 1991, p. 378). Theoretic concepts create symbols such as the
equal sign that are what Gregory (1981) calls “mind-tools”, which capture a nascent mental
model for a concept, allowing it to be used for storage, cognitive manipulation leading to
generative information/knowledge processes.
Mythic to Theoretic Culture: The adaptive pressure driven by natural selection favored
social groups with the greatest ability to symbolically model the world around them in a
distinctively human reconstruction of reality. This is speeded up by human drive to increase
the size of external memory in written text and computer systems.
Model of Information in EDSC and Information Behavior
Figure 1 starts from Alexander’s (1990b) EDSC model and the centrality of man as
a social being in our evolutionary story, we model Donald’s (1991) unitary theory of
human brain evolution. Donald’s (1991) theory provides an overview of the evolution of
human cognition based on knowledge structures stored in the human LTS. These
knowledge structures provide information processing mechanisms in the STS for decoding
and encoding operations in human memory which take place when environmental stimuli
input enters the cognitive system.
According to this thesis, human brain evolution is driven forward by inter-group
competition leading to intra-group social cooperation, which over the course of human
evolutionary history has created an ever more complex human ability to create mental
models of the human physical and social environmental and the place of humans in that
environment. The driving force of this evolution is to form the integration of human
experience into a coherent narrative of human existence. This narrative enables social
cohesion within the group to more effectively compete against the other groups competing
for limited resources.
In Figure 1 we model the human socio-cognitive ability as a system of inputs and
outputs. The inputs are sense data from the physical and social environment, anomalies and
knowledge from the social group and the individual. The outputs are greater social
cooperation leading to increased efficiency when competing with outside groups for limited
environmental resources. The integrative mind tools are located in the middle of Figure 1
and act as propulsions for transforming input data, anomalies and knowledge into social
cooperation/competition outputs. We have listed the integrative mind tools systems of
thinking capabilities vested in the human brain at various points over the course of human
evolution, from episodic culture early on in evolution to theoretic culture in the present day
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Episodic to Mimetic Culture: The first transition in the evolution of the human brain wasfrom episodic to a mimetic representation capability, a transition which distinguishedhumans from other mammals. The mental modeling becomes much more sophisticatedwhere instead of specific events or situations human experience is modeled into some formof integrated form. An illustration of the “integrative capability of mimesis” is creating,duplicating and passing on rhythmic expressions of human experience (Donald, 1991).Mimetic modeling is involved in the “invention and practice of sport, games, dance, ritual,and craft” but without verbal thought as mimetic culture is nonlinguistic. Donaldhypothesizes that Mimetic skill developed for social reasons, but in any case once it wasestablished Mimetic skill led to advances in cultural development; it provided society withthe skill to model itself (Donald, 1991). Mimetic culture is extremely useful today in civicand religious rituals where collective thought occurs; such exchanges are more commonthan most modern humans think (Donald, 1991). Mimetic expression was present in Homoerectus in games, tool making and ritual and standardized gestures done in a social setting.Mimetic representational capacity in Homo erectus, according to Donald (1991), set thestage for semantic memory storage, symbols, and the theoretic mind of Homo sapiens. Ineffect, mimetic representations serve as an interim stage between episodic and symboliccultures in human brain development--i.e., the development of tools, for example, wouldhave required some form of rudimentary symbolic representation to pass on the skill to thenext generation.Mimetic to Mythic Culture: The social role--i.e., to promote social cohesion andcooperation--of Mimetic skill was reinforced, according to Donald (1991), by the inventionof myth. A society myth is a conceptual model of the human universe or existence insidethe objective or physical environment. Myth builds up over generations and is the narrativefor a specific human social group to be used to compete against other groups “Inconquering a rival society, the first act of the conquerors is to impose their myth on theconquered” (Donald, 1991, p. 258). The power positions in that society are those whouphold and control the parameters of the group’s predominant myth, the priests andshamans. The Mimetic skill is “the prototypal, fundamental, integrative mind tool”(Donald, 1991, p. 215), both at the level of the individual in the society and, moreimportantly, for the social group itself, unifying its members to compete against othergroups it comes into contact with. The increasing size and complexity of larger socialgroups, which could defeat smaller social groups they were in competition, required moreefficient social relationships; they needed to be conceptualized and controlled. Languagedeveloped to facilitate myth development and transmission, not as it is commonlyconceived the other way around: “The most important source of selection pressure for animproved vocal apparatus would have been a mind that needed the features of vocallanguage for its modeling agenda” (Donald, 1991, p. 220). Information behavior: a socio-cognitive abilityEvolutionary Psychology – ISSN 1474-7049 – Volume 5(2). 2007. -268-Theoretic Culture: Language was an adaptation “that met specific cognitive and cultureneeds,” which can be specifically labeled as “the formalization and unification of thoughtand knowledge” into theoretic systems (Donald, 1991, p. 216). Theoretic thinking was amuch more powerful form of thinking than what had come before in the Mimetic culture.Theoretic culture includes analytic thought, grammatical invention, memory-managementskills, attentional algorithms and the development of theories linking concepts together inabstract thought (Donald, 1991, p. 378). Theoretic concepts create symbols such as theequal sign that are what Gregory (1981) calls “mind-tools”, which capture a nascent mentalmodel for a concept, allowing it to be used for storage, cognitive manipulation leading togenerative information/knowledge processes.Mythic to Theoretic Culture: The adaptive pressure driven by natural selection favoredsocial groups with the greatest ability to symbolically model the world around them in adistinctively human reconstruction of reality. This is speeded up by human drive to increasethe size of external memory in written text and computer systems.Model of Information in EDSC and Information BehaviorFigure 1 starts from Alexander’s (1990b) EDSC model and the centrality of man asa social being in our evolutionary story, we model Donald’s (1991) unitary theory ofhuman brain evolution. Donald’s (1991) theory provides an overview of the evolution ofhuman cognition based on knowledge structures stored in the human LTS. Theseknowledge structures provide information processing mechanisms in the STS for decodingand encoding operations in human memory which take place when environmental stimuliinput enters the cognitive system.According to this thesis, human brain evolution is driven forward by inter-groupcompetition leading to intra-group social cooperation, which over the course of humanevolutionary history has created an ever more complex human ability to create mentalmodels of the human physical and social environmental and the place of humans in thatenvironment. The driving force of this evolution is to form the integration of humanexperience into a coherent narrative of human existence. This narrative enables socialcohesion within the group to more effectively compete against the other groups competingfor limited resources. In Figure 1 we model the human socio-cognitive ability as a system of inputs andoutputs. The inputs are sense data from the physical and social environment, anomalies andknowledge from the social group and the individual. The outputs are greater socialcooperation leading to increased efficiency when competing with outside groups for limitedenvironmental resources. The integrative mind tools are located in the middle of Figure 1and act as propulsions for transforming input data, anomalies and knowledge into socialcooperation/competition outputs. We have listed the integrative mind tools systems ofthinking capabilities vested in the human brain at various points over the course of humanevolution, from episodic culture early on in evolution to theoretic culture in the present day
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Episodik ke mimesis Budaya: Transisi pertama dalam evolusi otak manusia adalah
dari episodik ke kemampuan representasi mimesis, transisi yang membedakan
manusia dari mamalia lain. Pemodelan mental yang menjadi jauh lebih canggih
di mana bukan peristiwa atau situasi tertentu pengalaman manusia dimodelkan dalam beberapa bentuk
bentuk terintegrasi. Sebuah ilustrasi dari "kemampuan integratif mimesis" adalah menciptakan,
duplikasi dan menyampaikan ekspresi berirama pengalaman manusia (Donald, 1991).
modeling mimesis terlibat dalam "penemuan dan praktek olahraga, permainan, tari, ritual,
dan kerajinan " tetapi tanpa pemikiran verbal budaya mimesis adalah nonlinguistik. Donald
hipotesis bahwa keterampilan mimesis dikembangkan untuk alasan sosial, tetapi dalam hal apapun setelah itu
didirikan keterampilan mimesis menyebabkan kemajuan dalam pengembangan budaya; itu memberikan masyarakat dengan
keterampilan untuk model itu sendiri (Donald, 1991). Budaya mimesis sangat berguna hari ini di masyarakat
ritual dan agama mana pemikiran kolektif terjadi; pertukaran tersebut lebih umum
daripada kebanyakan manusia modern berpikir (Donald, 1991). Ekspresi mimesis hadir dalam Homo
erectus dalam permainan, alat pembuatan dan gerakan ritual dan standar dilakukan dalam lingkungan sosial.
Kapasitas representasional mimesis dalam Homo erectus, menurut Donald (1991), menetapkan
panggung untuk penyimpanan memori semantik, simbol, dan teori keberatan dari Homo sapiens. Dalam
efek, representasi mimesis berfungsi sebagai tahap interim antara episodik dan simbolik
budaya dalam perkembangan otak manusia - yaitu, pengembangan alat, misalnya, akan
mensyaratkan beberapa bentuk representasi simbolis dasar untuk meneruskan keterampilan ke
generasi berikutnya.
mimesis ke Mythic Budaya: Peran sosial - yaitu, untuk mempromosikan kohesi sosial dan
kerjasama - keterampilan mimesis diperkuat, menurut Donald (1991), dengan penemuan
mitos. Sebuah mitos masyarakat adalah model konseptual dari alam semesta manusia atau eksistensi di dalam
lingkungan obyektif atau fisik. Mitos membangun dari generasi ke generasi dan narasi
untuk kelompok sosial tertentu manusia yang akan digunakan untuk bersaing dengan kelompok lain "Dalam
menaklukkan masyarakat saingan, tindakan pertama adalah penakluk memaksakan mitos mereka pada
menaklukkan "(Donald, 1991, p. 258). Posisi kekuasaan dalam masyarakat yang orang-orang yang
menjunjung tinggi dan mengontrol parameter dari kelompok mitos dominan, para imam dan
dukun. Keterampilan mimesis adalah "prototypal, fundamental, alat pikiran integratif"
(Donald, 1991, hal. 215), baik di tingkat individu dalam masyarakat dan, yang lebih
penting lagi, untuk kelompok sosial itu sendiri, menyatukan anggotanya untuk bersaing terhadap lainnya
kelompok datang ke dalam kontak dengan. Meningkatnya ukuran dan kompleksitas sosial yang lebih besar
kelompok, yang bisa mengalahkan kelompok-kelompok sosial yang lebih kecil mereka dalam kompetisi, diperlukan lebih
hubungan sosial yang efisien; mereka perlu dikonsep dan dikendalikan. Bahasa
dikembangkan untuk memfasilitasi pengembangan mitos dan transmisi, tidak seperti yang biasa
dipahami sebaliknya: "Sumber yang paling penting dari tekanan seleksi untuk
aparat vokal ditingkatkan akan menjadi pikiran yang membutuhkan fitur vokal
bahasa untuk agenda modeling-nya " (Donald, 1991, hal 220)..
Perilaku Informasi: kemampuan sosial kognitif
Psikologi Evolusioner - ISSN 1474-7049 - Volume 5 (2). 2007. -268-
teoritik Budaya: Bahasa adalah adaptasi "yang bertemu kognitif spesifik dan budaya
kebutuhan, "yang secara khusus dapat diberi label sebagai" formalisasi dan penyatuan pemikiran
dan pengetahuan "ke dalam sistem teoritis (. Donald, 1991, hal 216) . Pemikiran teoritis adalah
bentuk yang jauh lebih kuat dari pemikiran dari apa yang telah datang sebelumnya dalam budaya mimesis.
budaya teoritik meliputi pemikiran analitis, penemuan gramatikal, memori-manajemen
keterampilan, algoritma atensi dan pengembangan teori-teori yang menghubungkan konsep bersama dalam
pikiran abstrak (Donald, 1991, hal. 378). Konsep teoritis membuat simbol seperti
tanda sama yang adalah apa Gregory (1981) menyebut "pikiran-alat", yang menangkap seorang yang baru lahir mental yang
model untuk sebuah konsep, yang memungkinkan untuk digunakan untuk penyimpanan, manipulasi kognitif yang mengarah ke
informasi / pengetahuan proses generatif .
Mythic ke teoritik Budaya: The adaptif tekanan didorong oleh seleksi alam disukai
kelompok sosial dengan kemampuan terbesar untuk simbolis memodelkan dunia di sekitar mereka dalam
rekonstruksi manusia khas realitas. Hal ini dipercepat oleh dorongan manusia untuk meningkatkan
ukuran memori eksternal dalam teks dan sistem komputer tertulis.
Model Informasi di EDSC dan Perilaku Informasi
Gambar 1 mulai dari Alexander Model (1990b) EDSC dan sentralitas manusia sebagai
makhluk sosial dalam kami kisah evolusi, kita model Donald (1991) teori kesatuan
evolusi otak manusia. (1991) teori Donald memberikan gambaran tentang evolusi
kognisi manusia berdasarkan struktur pengetahuan yang disimpan dalam LTS manusia. Ini
struktur pengetahuan memberikan informasi pengolahan mekanisme di STS untuk decoding
dan encoding operasi dalam memori manusia yang terjadi ketika rangsangan lingkungan
masukan memasuki sistem kognitif.
Menurut tesis ini, evolusi otak manusia didorong ke depan oleh antar kelompok
kompetisi yang mengarah ke intra kerjasama sosial kelompok, yang selama manusia
sejarah evolusi telah menciptakan kemampuan manusia semakin kompleks untuk menciptakan mental yang
model manusia fisik dan sosial lingkungan dan tempat manusia dalam
lingkungan. Kekuatan pendorong evolusi ini adalah untuk membentuk integrasi manusia
pengalaman menjadi narasi yang koheren dari eksistensi manusia. Narasi ini memungkinkan sosial
kohesi dalam kelompok untuk lebih efektif bersaing dengan kelompok lain yang bersaing
untuk sumber daya yang terbatas.
Pada Gambar 1 kita model kemampuan sosial kognitif manusia sebagai sistem input dan
output. Input adalah data rasa dari lingkungan fisik dan sosial, anomali dan
pengetahuan dari kelompok sosial dan individu. Output yang sosial yang lebih besar
kerjasama yang mengarah ke peningkatan efisiensi ketika bersaing dengan kelompok-kelompok di luar terbatas
sumber daya lingkungan. Alat pikiran integratif terletak di tengah-tengah Gambar 1
dan bertindak sebagai propulsions untuk mengubah input data, anomali dan pengetahuan ke dalam sosial
output kerjasama / kompetisi. Kami telah terdaftar alat pikiran sistem integratif
berpikir kemampuan dipegang oleh otak manusia pada berbagai titik selama manusia
evolusi, dari budaya episodik pada awal evolusi budaya teori pada hari ini
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