For other uses, see Plato (disambig

For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
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Plato
Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg
Plato: copy of portrait bust by Silanion
Born 428/427 or 424/423 BCE
Athens
Died 348/347 BCE (aged c. 80)
Athens
Nationality Greek
Era Ancient philosophy
Region Western philosophy
School Platonism
Main interests Rhetoric, art, literature, epistemology, justice, virtue, politics, education, family, militarism
Notable ideas Theory of Forms, Platonic idealism, Platonic realism, hyperuranion, metaxy, khôra
Influences
[show]
Influenced
[show]

Plato (/ˈpleɪtoʊ/;[1] Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad";[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates' student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.[3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."[4]

Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts.[5]

Contents

1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.1.1 Birth and family
1.1.2 Name
1.1.3 Education
1.2 Plato and Pythagoras
1.3 Plato and Socrates
1.4 Later life
1.5 Death
2 Philosophy
2.1 Recurrent themes
2.2 Metaphysics
2.3 Theory of Forms
2.4 Epistemology
2.5 The state
2.6 Unwritten doctrines
2.7 Dialectic
3 The dialogues
3.1 Composition of the dialogues
3.2 Narration of the dialogues
3.3 Trial of Socrates
3.4 Unity and diversity of the dialogues
3.5 Platonic scholarship
3.6 Textual sources and history
3.7 Modern editions
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Footnotes
7 References
7.1 Primary sources (Greek and Roman)
7.2 Secondary sources
8 Further reading
9 External links

Biography
Part of a series on
Plato
Plato-raphael.jpg
Plato from The School of Athens by Raphael, 1509

Early life
Works
Platonism
Epistemology
Idealism / Realism
Demiurge
Theory of Forms
Transcendentals
Form of the Good
Third man argument
Euthyphro dilemma
Five regimes
Philosopher king

Allegories and metaphors

Atlantis
Ring of Gyges
The cave
The divided line
The sun
Ship of state
Myth of Er
The chariot

Related articles

Commentaries
The Academy in Athens
Socratic problem
Middle Platonism
Neoplatonism
and Christianity

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Early life
Main article: Early life of Plato

Little can be known about Plato's early life and education, due to very few accounts. The philosopher came from one of the wealthiest and most politically active families in Athens. Ancient sources describe him as a bright though modest boy who excelled in his studies. His father contributed all which was necessary to give to his son a good education, and, therefore, Plato must have been instructed in grammar, music, gymnastics and philosophy by some of the most distinguished teachers of his era.
Birth and family

The exact time and place of Plato's birth are not known, but it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic and influential family. Based on ancient sources, most modern scholars believe that he was born in Athens or Aegina[b] between 429 and 423 BCE.[a] His father was Ariston. According to a disputed tradition, reported by Diogenes Laertius, Ariston traced his descent from the king of Athens, Codrus, and the king of Messenia, Melanthus.[6] Plato's mother was Perictione, whose family boasted of a relationship with the famous Athenian lawmaker and lyric poet Solon.[7] Perictione was sister of Charmides and niece of Critias, both prominent figures of the Thirty Tyrants, the brief oligarchic regime, which followed on the collapse of Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War (404–403 BCE).[8] Besides Plato himself, Ariston and Perictione had three other children; these were two sons, Adeimantus and Glaucon, and a daughter Potone, the mother of Speusippus (the nephew and successor of Plato as head of his philosophical Academy).[8] The brothers Adeimantus and Glaucon are mentioned in the Republic as sons of Ariston,[9] and presumably brothers of Plato, but some have argued they were uncles.[10] But in a scenario in the Memorabilia, Xenophon confused the issue by presenting a Glaucon much younger than Plato.[11]

The traditional date of Plato's birth (428/427) is based on a dubious interpretation of Diogenes Laertius, who says, "When [Socrates] was gone, [Plato] joined Cratylus the Heracleitean and Hermogenes, who philosophized in the manner of Parmenides. Then, at twenty-eight, Hermodorus says, [Plato] went to Euclides in Megara." As Debra Nails argues, "The text itself gives no reason to infer that Plato left immediately for Megara and implies the very opposite."[12] In his Seventh Letter, Plato notes that his coming of age coincided with the taking of power by the Thirty, remarking, "But a youth under the age of twenty made himself a laughingstock if he attempted to enter the political arena." Thus, Nails dates Plato's birth to 424/423.[13]

According to some accounts, Ariston tried to force his attentions on Perictione, but failed in his purpose; then the god Apollo appeared to him in a vision, and as a result, Ariston left Perictione unmolested.[14] Another legend related that, when Plato was an infant, bees settled on his lips while he was sleeping: an augury of the sweetness of style in which he would discourse about philosophy.[15]

Ariston appears to have died in Plato's childhood, although the precise dating of his death is difficult.[16] Perictione then married Pyrilampes, her mother's brother,[17] who had served many times as an ambassador to the Persian court and was a friend of Pericles, the leader of the democratic faction in Athens.[18] Pyrilampes had a son from a previous marriage, Demus, who was famous for his beauty.[19] Perictione gave birth to Pyrilampes' second son, Antiphon, the half-brother of Plato, who appears in Parmenides.[20]

In contrast to reticence about himself, Plato often introduced his distinguished relatives into his dialogues, or referred to them with some precision: Charmides has a dialogue named after him; Critias speaks in both Charmides and Protagoras; and Adeimantus and Glaucon take prominent parts in the Republic.[21] These and other references suggest a considerable amount of family pride and enable us to reconstruct Plato's family tree. According to Burnet, "the opening scene of the Charmides is a glorification of the whole [family] connection ... Plato's dialogues are not only a memorial to Socrates, but also the happier days of his own family."[22]
Name

According to Diogenes Laërtius, the philosopher was named Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς) after his grandfather. It was common in Athenian society for boys to be named after grandfathers (or fathers). But there is only one inscriptional record of an Aristocles, an early Archon of Athens in 605/4 BCE. There no record of a line of Aristocles’s from this one that culminate in one who was father of Plato's father Ariston. However, if Plato was not named after an ancestor named Plato (there is no record of one), then the origin of his renaming as Plato becomes a conundrum. Diogenes' sources account for this fact by claiming that his wrestling coach, Ariston of Argos, dubbed him Platon, meaning "broad," on account of his robust figure[23] or that Plato derived his name from the breadth (πλατύτης, platytēs) of his eloquence, or else because he was very wide (πλατύς, platýs) across the forehead.[24] Recently a scholar has argued that even the name Aristocles for Plato was a much later invention. [25] Although Plato was a fairly common name, (31 instances are known from Athens alone[26]), the name does not occur in Plato's known family line. The fact that the philosopher in his maturity called himself Plato is indisputable, but the origin of this naming must remain moot unless the record is made to yield more information
Education

Apuleius informs us that Speusippus praised Plato's quickness of mind and modesty as a boy, and the "first fruits of his youth infused with hard work and love of study".[27] Plato must have been instructed in grammar, music, and gymnastics by the most distinguished teachers of his time.[28] Dicaearchus went so far as to say that Plato wrestled at the Isthmian games.[29] Plato had also attended courses of philosophy; before meeting Socrates, he first became acquainted with Cratylus (a disciple of Heraclitus, a prominent pre-Socratic Greek philosopher) and the Heraclitean doctrines.[30] W. A. Borody argues that an Athenian openness towards a wider range of sexuality may have contributed to the Athenian philosophers' openness towards a wider range of thought, a cultural situation Borody describes as "polymorphously discursive."[31]
Plato and Pythagoras
Pythagoras, depicted as a medieval scholar in the Nuremberg Chronicle

Although Socrates influenced Plato directly as related in the dialogues, the influence of Pythagoras upon Plato also appears to have significant discussion in the philosophical literature. Pythag

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Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Plato (disambiguasi) dan Platon (disambiguasi).Halaman yang semi dilindungiPlatoPlato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpgPlato: salinan bust potret oleh SilanionLahir 428 427 atau 424 423 BCEAthenaMeninggal 348 347 BCE (c. umur 80)AthenaKewarganegaraan YunaniEra Filsafat kunoFilsafat Barat wilayahSekolah PlatonismeMinat utama: retorika, seni, sastra, Epistemologi, keadilan, kebaikan, politik, pendidikan, Keluarga, militerismeGagasan penting: teori bentuk, Platonik idealisme Platonis realisme, hyperuranion, metaxy, khôraPengaruh [show]Dipengaruhi [show]Plato (/ ˈpleɪtoʊ /; [1] bahasa Yunani: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "luas";[2] 428 427 atau 424 423 BCE []-348 347 BCE) adalah filsuf, serta matematikawan, di Yunani klasik, dan tokoh berpengaruh dalam filsafat, sentral dalam filsafat Barat. Dia adalah mahasiswa Socrates, dan mendirikan Akademi di Athena, pertama lembaga pendidikan tinggi di dunia Barat. Socrates dan murid yang paling terkenal, Aristoteles, Plato membantu meletakkan dasar-dasar Filsafat Barat dan ilmu pengetahuan.[3] Alfred North Whitehead sekali mencatat: "karakterisasi umum teraman tradisi filosofis Eropa adalah ia terdiri dari serangkaian catatan kaki untuk Plato."[4]Dialog Plato telah digunakan untuk mengajarkan berbagai pelajaran, seperti filsafat, logika, etika, retorika, agama, dan matematika. Teori bentuk mulai perspektif yang unik pada objek abstrak, dan menyebabkan aliran pemikiran disebut Platonisme. Tulisan-tulisan Plato telah diterbitkan dalam beberapa mode; Hal ini menyebabkan beberapa Konvensi mengenai penamaan dan referensi naskah Plato.[5]Isi 1 Awal karier 1.1 awal hidup 1.1.1 kelahiran dan keluarga 1.1.2 nama 1.1.3 pendidikan 1.2 Plato dan Pythagoras 1.3 Plato dan Socrates 1.4 kehidupan 3.2 meninggal dunia 2 pembangunan yang diketahui 2.1 tema berulang 2.2 metafisika 2.3 teori bentuk 2.4 Epistemologi Negara 2.5 2.6 doktrin-doktrin tidak tertulis 2.7 dialektika 3 dialog 3.1 komposisi dialog 3.2 narasi dari dialog 3.3 trial Socrates 3.4 kesatuan dan keragaman dialog 3.5 beasiswa Platonis 3.6 sumber-sumber tekstual dan sejarah 3.7 edisi Modern 4 Lihat juga 5 Catatan kaki 6 Catatan kaki 7 referensi 7.1 sumber-sumber primer (Yunani dan Romawi) 7.2 sumber-sumber sekunder 8 Bacaan lanjut 9 Pranala luarBiografiBagian dari seriPlatoPlato-raphael.jpgPlato dari mazhab Athena oleh Raphael, 1509 Kehidupan awal Karya Platonisme Epistemologi Idealisme / realisme Demiurge Teori bentuk Transcendentals Bentuk yang baik Argumen manusia ketiga Euthyphro dilema Lima rezim Filsuf rajaAlegori dan metafora Atlantis Cincin Gyges Gua Garis dibagi Matahari Kapal negara Mitos er KeretaArtikel terkait Komentar-komentar Akademi di Athena Sokrates masalah Paltonisme tengah Neoplatonisme dan Kekristenan Portal ikon filsafat portal v t eKehidupan awalArtikel utama: kehidupan awal PlatoSedikit dapat diketahui tentang Plato awal kehidupan dan pendidikan, karena sangat beberapa account. Filsuf berasal dari salah satu keluarga terkaya dan paling politis aktif di Athena. Sumber-sumber purba menggambarkan dia sebagai anak cerah meskipun sederhana yang unggul dalam studinya. Ayahnya memberikan kontribusi adalah semua yang diperlukan untuk memberi kepada anaknya pendidikan yang baik, dan oleh karena itu, Plato harus telah di instruksikan dalam tata bahasa, musik, senam dan filsafat oleh beberapa guru-guru yang paling terkenal di zamannya.Kelahiran dan keluargaTepat waktu dan tempat lahir Plato tidak diketahui, tetapi pasti bahwa ia milik keluarga bangsawan dan berpengaruh. Berdasarkan sumber-sumber kuno, sarjana modern percaya bahwa ia lahir di Athena atau Aegina [b] antara 429 dan 423 BCE.[] ayahnya Ariston. Menurut tradisi sengketa, dilaporkan oleh Diogenes Laertius, Ariston ditelusuri keturunan dari Raja Athena, Codrus, dan raja Messenia Melanthus.[6] Plato ibunya adalah Perictione, yang keluarganya membual hubungan dengan anggota parlemen Athena yang terkenal dan lirik penyair Solon.[7] Perictione adalah adik Charmides dan keponakan Critias, kedua tokoh-tokoh tiran tiga puluh, rezim oligarkis singkat, yang diikuti pada runtuhnya Athena pada akhir Perang Peloponnesos (403-404 BCE).[8] Selain Plato dirinya, Ariston dan Perictione memiliki tiga anak; ini adalah dua putra, Adeimantus dan Glaucon, dan seorang putri Potone, ibu Speusippus (keponakan dan penerus Plato sebagai kepala Akademi filosofis nya).[8] saudara Adeimantus dan Glaucon yang disebutkan di Republik sebagai keturunan Ariston, [9] dan mungkin saudara Plato, tapi beberapa berpendapat mereka adalah paman.[10] tetapi dalam skenario memorabilia, Xenophon bingung masalah dengan menghadirkan Glaucon jauh lebih muda daripada Plato.[11]Tanggal tradisional Plato kelahiran (428/427) didasarkan pada interpretasi yang meragukan Diogenes Laertius, yang berkata, "ketika [Socrates] pergi, [Plato] bergabung Kratylos Heracleitean dan Hermogenes, yang philosophized dalam cara Parmenides. Kemudian, pada dua puluh delapan, Hermodorus mengatakan, [Plato] pergi ke Euclides di Megara." Seperti Debra kuku berpendapat, "teks itu sendiri memberi alasan untuk menyimpulkan bahwa Plato segera berangkat Megara dan menyiratkan sangat berlawanan."[12] dalam suratnya yang ketujuh, Plato catatan bahwa kedatangannya usia bertepatan dengan merebut kekuasaan oleh tiga puluh, berkomentar, "tapi muda di bawah usia dua puluh membuat dirinya bahan tertawaan jika ia berusaha untuk memasuki arena politik." Dengan demikian, kuku tanggal Plato lahir sampai 424 423.[13]Menurut beberapa laporan, Ariston mencoba untuk memaksa perhatiannya pada Perictione, tapi gagal dalam tujuannya; Kemudian Tuhan Apollo muncul ke hadapannya dalam sebuah visi, dan sebagai akibatnya, Ariston meninggalkan Perictione tanpa gangguan.[14] lain legenda berhubungan bahwa, ketika Plato bayi, lebah menetap pada bibirnya sementara ia sedang tidur: mengasaskan ilmu nujum manis gaya di mana ia akan wacana tentang filsafat.[15]Ariston tampaknya telah meninggal di Plato masa kanak-kanak, meskipun kencan tepat kematiannya sulit.[16] Perictione kemudian menikahi Pyrilampes, ibunya saudara, [17] yang telah bertugas berkali-kali sebagai Duta besar ke pengadilan Persia dan adalah teman Perikles, Ketua Fraksi Partai Demokrat di Athena.[18] Pyrilampes memiliki seorang putra dari pernikahan sebelumnya, Demus, yang terkenal atas keindahan kekasihnya.[19] Perictione melahirkan Pyrilampes' putra kedua, antifon, saudara tiri Plato, yang muncul dalam Parmenides.[20]Berbeda dengan keengganan tentang dirinya, Plato sering diperkenalkan kerabat dibedakan ke dalam dialog nya, atau memanggil mereka dengan beberapa presisi: Charmides memiliki sebuah dialog yang dinamai menurut namanya; Critias berbicara di Charmides dan Protagoras; dan Adeimantus dan Glaucon mengambil bagian-bagian yang menonjol di Republik.[21] dan referensi lain menunjukkan sejumlah besar kebanggan keluarga dan memungkinkan kita untuk merekonstruksi pohon keluarga Plato. Menurut Burnet, "adegan pembukaan Charmides adalah pemuliaan keseluruhan [keluarga] koneksi... Dialog Plato adalah tidak hanya menjadi peringatan kepada Socrates, tetapi juga hari-hari bahagia keluarga sendiri."[22]NamaMenurut Diogenes Laërtius, filsuf bernama Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς) setelah kakeknya. Itu umum dalam masyarakat Athena untuk anak laki-laki dinamai setelah kakek (atau ayah). Tapi ada hanya satu record inscriptional dari Aristocles, Archon Athena awal di 605/4 BCE. Tidak ada catatan dari garis Aristocles's dari satu ini yang berujung pada satu yang adalah ayah dari Plato Bapa Ariston. Namun, jika Plato tidak bernama setelah leluhur bernama Plato (ada catatan satu), maka usul Nya berganti nama sebagai Plato menjadi sebuah teka-teki. Diogenes' account sumber untuk fakta ini dengan mengklaim bahwa pelatihnya gulat, Ariston Argos, menjulukinya Platon, berarti "luas," pada rekening of tokoh kuat nya [23] atau Plato yang namanya berasal dari luasnya (πλατύτης, platytēs) kefasihan nya, atau yang lain karena ia sangat luas (πλατύς, platýs) di dahi.[24] seorang sarjana berpendapat bahwa bahkan nama Aristocles bagi Plato adalah penemuan yang jauh di kemudian hari. [25] biarpun Plato adalah nama yang cukup umum, (31 kasus yang dikenal dari Athena alone[26]), nama tidak terjadi di Plato dikenal garis keluarga. Fakta bahwa filsuf di kedewasaannya menyebut dirinya Plato tidak bisa dibantah, tetapi asal-usul penamaan ini harus tetap diperdebatkan kecuali catatan yang dibuat untuk menghasilkan lebih informasiPendidikanApuleius memberitahu kita bahwa Speusippus dipuji kecepatan Plato pikiran dan kesopanan sebagai seorang anak, dan "buah pertama dari mudanya diresapi dengan kerja keras dan cinta dari studi".[27] Plato harus telah di instruksikan tata bahasa, musik dan senam oleh guru-guru paling terkenal waktunya.[28] Dicaearchus pergi sejauh mengatakan bahwa Plato bergumul di permainan Isthmian.[29] Plato juga menghadiri kursus falsafah; Sebelum bertemu Socrates, ia pertama kali berkenalan dengan Kratylos (murid Heraclitus, seorang filsuf Yunani pra-Sokrates terkemuka) dan doktrin-doktrin Heraclitean.[30] W. A. Borody berpendapat bahwa keterbukaan Athenian terhadap seksualitas lebih luas mungkin telah menyumbang kepada para filsuf Atena keterbukaan terhadap luas pemikiran, menggambarkan situasi budaya Borody sebagai "polymorphously diskursif."[31]Plato dan PythagorasPythagoras, digambarkan sebagai seorang sarjana abad pertengahan di Nuremberg ChronicleMeskipun Socrates dipengaruhi Plato langsung yang terkait dalam dialog, juga pengaruh Pythagoras Plato juga muncul untuk memiliki diskusi yang signifikan dalam literatur filosofis. Pythag