This seems to be very important in

This seems to be very important in cases of emergency, when the GPSC’s welfare fund provides access to money and committee members advocate the respective household’s interests with the local authorities, the public administration, and the private sector. Even families of
low vulnerability (household type C) benefit from GPSC activities, as the organization’s infrastructure secures water supply in times of water scarcity. Hence, by improving financial (income), human (education), physical (livestock), natural (water), and social (network)
capital, the GPSC has a positive effect on households, reducing their vulnerability.
However, the social status of guides and porters in the community is relatively low, because their work is hard, and they are exposed to all weather conditions and to the risks of the mountains. Consequently, the majority of porters interviewed do not recommend their sons and
daughters to become a porter or guide. Most of them stated that they want their children to be well educated and get ‘‘better’’ jobs and living conditions—a view that is confirmed by members of the younger generations (Figure 7).
Synthesis and conclusion
The example of the Mt Kenya region shows the multiple layers of impact that alpine tourism has in mountain areas of tropical Africa. Because of low numbers of visitors in the Mt Kenya National Park and the monopolies of a few large commercial tour operators, development endeavors at the regional level are hardly noticeable, neither with supply and service companies,
nor in terms of employment effects. Nevertheless, the few available jobs in tourism are very popular, because they provide access to foreign currency and/or generous gratuities from tourists from rich countries, as well as to contacts abroad, which the local people see as a potential springboard for foreign jobs or training. The large (exclusive) hotels are the guides’ and porters’ organizations’ most important link to clients, which leads to very one-sided relationships of dependency. In contrast, community-based tourism, as shown by the example of the GPSC, stabilizes rural households’ livelihoods and contributes to community welfare. Its
particularities—a not-for-profit business model, bottom up organization, and a democratic organizational structure with elected and regularly rotating offices—prevent the inequitable enrichment of a small group of members and ensure that benefits are evenly distributed among all members and the whole community. Due to the high reputation that the GPSC enjoys with both the large hotels and the local authorities—in July 2011 almost all representatives of public institutions followed the GPSC’s invitation to attend the inaugural opening of its new
buildings—it can be assumed that the concerns of the GPSC and its members are heard by the political decision makers. On the one hand, this empowerment secures uncomplicated access (in terms of bureaucracy) to the National Park as a base for tourism. Beyond that, it can
contribute to more rapid emergency response, for example, in the event of a crisis, such as a drought or ethnic conflict. Overall, our results confirmed the main hypothesis underlying this research project. The results are also similar to those recently presented by Lapeyre
(2011), who analyzed a tourism community–public– private partnership in a rural area in Namibia.
For rural households, employment as a guide or porter is one of the few sources of monetary income in the region; it supports the families’ livelihoods. By strengthening the different forms of capital it also reduces households’ vulnerability. The occupation of guide or porter is not deemed an attractive prospect for the future, however, as income from it is used primarily
for educating the family’s children in order to enable them to achieve higher-quality employment. In this sense, tourism may contribute to migration out of the region. At
the same time, career opportunities within the tourism sector are scarce, and other segments of the economy neither provide highly qualified jobs nor respond to development impulses from tourism. As shown by the example of the Mt Kenya region, Afro-alpine tourism as a whole provides only limited impulses to regional development. Even though community-based tourism helps to alleviate poverty and to trigger empowerment processes, the generation of equitable welfare for households and the community depends on the respective organizations’ internal participatory and democratic structures. Communitybased tourism alone cannot initiate sustainable regional
development. Comparing these results for the Mt Kenya region with findings on other mountain areas of tropical Africa, it can be assumed that they share similar structures and processes. Studies on tourism in the Rwenzori Mountains indicate a much less developed tourism sector,
demonstrating its proportionately low impact at the local and regional levels. Although no relevant research results are available for the popular climbers’ destination Kilimanjaro—recent scientific publications mostly look at ecological and climatic issues (Bloemer 2002; Bart et al
2003; Nu ¨ sser 2009; Wangui et al 2012)—the basic situation is likely to be comparable: The local population around the 3 highest mountain massifs in Africa has remained at the level of subsistence economy and does not have any attractive prospects within the region (Engelhard 1990; Erhard 2000).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

This seems to be very important in cases of emergency, when the GPSC’s welfare fund provides access to money and committee members advocate the respective household’s interests with the local authorities, the public administration, and the private sector. Even families oflow vulnerability (household type C) benefit from GPSC activities, as the organization’s infrastructure secures water supply in times of water scarcity. Hence, by improving financial (income), human (education), physical (livestock), natural (water), and social (network)capital, the GPSC has a positive effect on households, reducing their vulnerability.However, the social status of guides and porters in the community is relatively low, because their work is hard, and they are exposed to all weather conditions and to the risks of the mountains. Consequently, the majority of porters interviewed do not recommend their sons anddaughters to become a porter or guide. Most of them stated that they want their children to be well educated and get ‘‘better’’ jobs and living conditions—a view that is confirmed by members of the younger generations (Figure 7).Synthesis and conclusionThe example of the Mt Kenya region shows the multiple layers of impact that alpine tourism has in mountain areas of tropical Africa. Because of low numbers of visitors in the Mt Kenya National Park and the monopolies of a few large commercial tour operators, development endeavors at the regional level are hardly noticeable, neither with supply and service companies,nor in terms of employment effects. Nevertheless, the few available jobs in tourism are very popular, because they provide access to foreign currency and/or generous gratuities from tourists from rich countries, as well as to contacts abroad, which the local people see as a potential springboard for foreign jobs or training. The large (exclusive) hotels are the guides’ and porters’ organizations’ most important link to clients, which leads to very one-sided relationships of dependency. In contrast, community-based tourism, as shown by the example of the GPSC, stabilizes rural households’ livelihoods and contributes to community welfare. Itsparticularities—a not-for-profit business model, bottom up organization, and a democratic organizational structure with elected and regularly rotating offices—prevent the inequitable enrichment of a small group of members and ensure that benefits are evenly distributed among all members and the whole community. Due to the high reputation that the GPSC enjoys with both the large hotels and the local authorities—in July 2011 almost all representatives of public institutions followed the GPSC’s invitation to attend the inaugural opening of its newbuildings—it can be assumed that the concerns of the GPSC and its members are heard by the political decision makers. On the one hand, this empowerment secures uncomplicated access (in terms of bureaucracy) to the National Park as a base for tourism. Beyond that, it cancontribute to more rapid emergency response, for example, in the event of a crisis, such as a drought or ethnic conflict. Overall, our results confirmed the main hypothesis underlying this research project. The results are also similar to those recently presented by Lapeyre(2011), who analyzed a tourism community–public– private partnership in a rural area in Namibia.For rural households, employment as a guide or porter is one of the few sources of monetary income in the region; it supports the families’ livelihoods. By strengthening the different forms of capital it also reduces households’ vulnerability. The occupation of guide or porter is not deemed an attractive prospect for the future, however, as income from it is used primarilyfor educating the family’s children in order to enable them to achieve higher-quality employment. In this sense, tourism may contribute to migration out of the region. Atthe same time, career opportunities within the tourism sector are scarce, and other segments of the economy neither provide highly qualified jobs nor respond to development impulses from tourism. As shown by the example of the Mt Kenya region, Afro-alpine tourism as a whole provides only limited impulses to regional development. Even though community-based tourism helps to alleviate poverty and to trigger empowerment processes, the generation of equitable welfare for households and the community depends on the respective organizations’ internal participatory and democratic structures. Communitybased tourism alone cannot initiate sustainable regionalpengembangan. Membandingkan hasil ini untuk wilayah Mt Kenya dengan temuan di daerah Gunung lain Afrika tropis, dapat diasumsikan bahwa mereka berbagi sama struktur dan proses. Studi tentang pariwisata di pegunungan Rwenzori menunjukkan sektor pariwisata yang jauh lebih maju,mendemonstrasikan secara proporsional rendah dampak di tingkat lokal dan regional. Meskipun tidak ada hasil penelitian yang relevan tersedia untuk para pendaki populer tujuan Kilimanjaro — publikasi ilmiah terbaru kebanyakan melihat isu ekologi dan iklim (Bloemer 2002; Bart et al2003; Nu ¨ sser 2009; Wangui et al 2012) — situasi dasar kemungkinan untuk dapat diperbandingkan: penduduk setempat di sekitar 3 Chambery gunung tertinggi di Afrika tetap pada tingkat subsistensi ekonomi dan tidak memiliki prospek menarik dalam wilayah (Engelhard 1990; Erhard 2000).