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In the 21st century, the impact of

In the 21st century, the impact of professional counselors
reaches far beyond the borders of any nation or continent;
furthermore, mental health professionals are seeking to
connect and learn from their colleagues all over the world.
Denmark is an example of one nation that has much to offer
the intemational counseling network; it is a country with a
dynamic past, present, and future in professional counseling.
In this article, we offer a comprehensive overview ofthe
Danish counseling profession. First, we consider the history
and development of Danish counseling followed by a review
ofthe current trends. Finally, we present our impressions of
the future of the profession in Denmark based on the past
and current trends.
•Cross-Cultural Counseling Terminology
Counseling is interpreted differently cross-culturally. Remaining
true to the Danish mental health profession, throughout
this article, we use the terms used in Denmark, counseling/
psychology and counselors/psychologists, respectively, when
describing counseling activities and counselors. After obtaining
required educational training and becoming licensed, Danish
mental health professionals are known as psychologists
versus counselors; therefore, there is a clear difference in the
professional terms used cross-culturally in Denmark and the
United States. Also, there is no direct Danish translation for the
word counselor as it is used in the English language, although
the roles and responsibilities of professional members ofthe
Danish Psychotherapeutic Association mirror the education
and roles required for U.S. master's-level counselors.
•forf/i/(Past): History of
Counseling/Psychology in Denmark
The Nordic countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and
Finland are often perceived as homogeneous due to their
close geographical neighborhood, as well as similar cultural
and historical traditions, emphases on social welfare systems,
and egalitarian objectives (Lundberg, 2001). However,
there are differences in the development of professional
counseling/psychology. Sweden and Finland have a history
of experimental, neurobiological, and cognitive psychological
orientations, whereas Norway and Denmark historically
focused on phenomenological and applied psychotherapeutic
approaches. Danish counseling/psychology development was
clinically based and application-focused from its beginnings
(Lundberg, 2001).
The history of counseling/psychology in Denmark has
roots in philosophy that are specifically influenced by Danish
philosopher Harald Höffding (Funch, 2000; Lundberg, 2001 ).
However, it was not until Alfred Lehmann established the first
psychophysical laboratory (at the University Psychological
Laboratory [UPL]) in Copenhagen in 1886 that psychology
became a distinct discipline (Funch, 2000). Before Lehmann's
work, research experiments to explain human behavior were
nonexistent; Lehmann was the initial leader of the Danish
psychological movement.
Lehmann trained at the Wundt Institut fur experimentelle
Psycholgie (The Wundt Institute for Experimental Psychology)
in Germany in 1885, where he worked under Wilhelm
Wundt (the European founder of counseling/psychology as
an experimental science [Funch, 2000; Lundberg, 2001]).
On returning to Copenhagen, Lehmann established the experimental
approach as the main investigate tool at the UPL,
today's second oldest psychological laboratory in the world
(Funch, 2000). Also, Lehmann became the first professor in
experimental psychology at the University of Copenhagen in
1919 (Hj0rlund, 2000).
Edgar John Rubin became the second most well-known
Danish figure in the history of counseling/psychology after
Lehmann's death (Lundberg, 2001). Rubin succeeded Lehmann
as manager ofthe UPL in 1922. Rubin is best known for his
ambiguous pictures (e.g., the vase/opposed profiles) illustrating
the figure-ground phenomenon, and his methodology was
that ofthe old philosophical school (Funch, 2000). Although
Rubin's work conflicted with Lehmann's ideology, he became a
leader in Danish counseling/psychology, assuming instruction
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In the 21st century, the impact of professional counselorsreaches far beyond the borders of any nation or continent;furthermore, mental health professionals are seeking toconnect and learn from their colleagues all over the world.Denmark is an example of one nation that has much to offerthe intemational counseling network; it is a country with adynamic past, present, and future in professional counseling.In this article, we offer a comprehensive overview oftheDanish counseling profession. First, we consider the historyand development of Danish counseling followed by a reviewofthe current trends. Finally, we present our impressions ofthe future of the profession in Denmark based on the pastand current trends.•Cross-Cultural Counseling TerminologyCounseling is interpreted differently cross-culturally. Remainingtrue to the Danish mental health profession, throughoutthis article, we use the terms used in Denmark, counseling/psychology and counselors/psychologists, respectively, whendescribing counseling activities and counselors. After obtainingrequired educational training and becoming licensed, Danishmental health professionals are known as psychologistsversus counselors; therefore, there is a clear difference in theprofessional terms used cross-culturally in Denmark and theUnited States. Also, there is no direct Danish translation for theword counselor as it is used in the English language, althoughthe roles and responsibilities of professional members oftheDanish Psychotherapeutic Association mirror the educationand roles required for U.S. master's-level counselors.•forf/i/(Past): History ofCounseling/Psychology in DenmarkThe Nordic countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, andFinland are often perceived as homogeneous due to theirclose geographical neighborhood, as well as similar culturaland historical traditions, emphases on social welfare systems,and egalitarian objectives (Lundberg, 2001). However,there are differences in the development of professionalcounseling/psychology. Sweden and Finland have a historyof experimental, neurobiological, and cognitive psychologicalorientations, whereas Norway and Denmark historicallyfocused on phenomenological and applied psychotherapeuticapproaches. Danish counseling/psychology development wasclinically based and application-focused from its beginnings(Lundberg, 2001).The history of counseling/psychology in Denmark hasroots in philosophy that are specifically influenced by Danishphilosopher Harald Höffding (Funch, 2000; Lundberg, 2001 ).However, it was not until Alfred Lehmann established the firstpsychophysical laboratory (at the University PsychologicalLaboratory [UPL]) in Copenhagen in 1886 that psychologybecame a distinct discipline (Funch, 2000). Before Lehmann'swork, research experiments to explain human behavior werenonexistent; Lehmann was the initial leader of the Danishpsychological movement.Lehmann trained at the Wundt Institut fur experimentellePsycholgie (The Wundt Institute for Experimental Psychology)in Germany in 1885, where he worked under WilhelmWundt (the European founder of counseling/psychology asan experimental science [Funch, 2000; Lundberg, 2001]).On returning to Copenhagen, Lehmann established the experimentalapproach as the main investigate tool at the UPL,today's second oldest psychological laboratory in the world(Funch, 2000). Also, Lehmann became the first professor inexperimental psychology at the University of Copenhagen in1919 (Hj0rlund, 2000).Edgar John Rubin became the second most well-knownDanish figure in the history of counseling/psychology afterLehmann's death (Lundberg, 2001). Rubin succeeded Lehmannas manager ofthe UPL in 1922. Rubin is best known for hisambiguous pictures (e.g., the vase/opposed profiles) illustratingthe figure-ground phenomenon, and his methodology wasthat ofthe old philosophical school (Funch, 2000). AlthoughRubin's work conflicted with Lehmann's ideology, he became aleader in Danish counseling/psychology, assuming instruction
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Pada abad ke-21, dampak dari konselor profesional
mencapai jauh melampaui batas-batas dari setiap bangsa atau benua;
lebih jauh lagi, profesional kesehatan mental mencari untuk
menghubungkan dan belajar dari rekan-rekan mereka di seluruh dunia.
Denmark adalah contoh dari salah satu bangsa yang memiliki banyak untuk menawarkan
jaringan konseling intemasional; itu adalah sebuah negara dengan
masa lalu yang dinamis, sekarang, dan masa depan dalam konseling profesional.
Pada artikel ini, kami menawarkan gambaran yang komprehensif tersebut yang
profesi konseling Denmark. Pertama, kita mempertimbangkan sejarah
dan perkembangan konseling Denmark diikuti dengan review
tersebut yang tren saat ini. Akhirnya, kami menyajikan tayangan kami dari
masa depan profesi di Denmark didasarkan pada masa lalu
dan tren saat ini.
• Cross-Cultural Konseling Terminologi
Konseling ditafsirkan secara berbeda lintas budaya. Sisa
benar Denmark profesi kesehatan mental, seluruh
artikel ini, kita menggunakan istilah yang digunakan di Denmark, konseling /
psikologi dan konselor / psikolog, masing-masing, ketika
menjelaskan kegiatan dan konselor konseling. Setelah mendapatkan
pelatihan pendidikan yang dibutuhkan dan menjadi berlisensi, Denmark
profesional kesehatan mental yang dikenal sebagai psikolog
terhadap konselor; Oleh karena itu, ada perbedaan yang jelas dalam
hal profesional yang digunakan lintas-budaya di Denmark dan
Amerika Serikat. Juga, tidak ada terjemahan Denmark langsung untuk
konselor kata seperti yang digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris, meskipun
peran dan tanggung jawab anggota profesional tersebut yang
Danish Asosiasi psikoterapi cermin pendidikan
dan peran yang diperlukan untuk US konselor master-tingkat.
• forf / i / (Past): Sejarah
Konseling / Psikologi di Denmark
Negara-negara Nordik dari Denmark, Norwegia, Swedia, dan
Finlandia sering dianggap sebagai homogen karena mereka
lingkungan yang dekat geografis, serta budaya yang sama
tradisi dan sejarah, penekanan pada sistem kesejahteraan sosial ,
dan tujuan egaliter (Lundberg, 2001). Namun,
ada perbedaan dalam pengembangan profesional
konseling / psikologi. Swedia dan Finlandia memiliki sejarah
psikologis eksperimental, neurobiologis, kognitif dan
orientasi, sedangkan Norwegia dan Denmark historis
difokuskan pada fenomenologis dan diterapkan psikoterapi
pendekatan. Pengembangan Denmark konseling / psikologi itu
klinis berbasis dan aplikasi-terfokus dari permulaannya
(Lundberg, 2001).
Sejarah konseling / psikologi di Denmark memiliki
akar dalam filsafat yang secara khusus dipengaruhi oleh Denmark
filsuf Harald Hoffding (Funch, 2000; Lundberg, 2001 ).
Namun, hal itu tidak sampai Alfred Lehmann didirikan pertama
laboratorium psikofisik (di Universitas Psychological
Laboratorium [UPL]) di Kopenhagen pada tahun 1886 bahwa psikologi
menjadi disiplin yang berbeda (Funch, 2000). Sebelum Lehmann
kerja, percobaan penelitian untuk menjelaskan perilaku manusia yang
tidak ada; Lehmann adalah pemimpin awal dari Denmark
gerakan psikologis.
Lehmann dilatih di Wundt Institut fur experimentelle
Psycholgie (The Wundt Lembaga Psikologi Eksperimental)
di Jerman pada tahun 1885, di mana ia bekerja di bawah Wilhelm
Wundt (pendiri Eropa konseling / psikologi sebagai
sebuah eksperimen ilmu [Funch, 2000; Lundberg, 2001].)
Pada kembali ke Kopenhagen, Lehmann mendirikan eksperimental
pendekatan sebagai utama menyelidiki alat di UPL,
laboratorium psikologi tertua kedua hari ini di dunia
(Funch, 2000). Juga, Lehmann menjadi guru pertama di
psikologi eksperimental di University of Copenhagen di
1919 (Hj0rlund, 2000).
Edgar John Rubin menjadi paling terkenal kedua
tokoh Denmark dalam sejarah konseling / psikologi setelah
kematian Lehmann (Lundberg, 2001) . Rubin berhasil Lehmann
sebagai manajer tersebut yang UPL tahun 1922. Rubin terkenal karena nya
gambar ambigu (misalnya, vas / profil lawan) menggambarkan
fenomena tokoh-tanah, dan metodologi nya
yang ofthe sekolah filsafat tua (Funch, 2000). Meskipun
pekerjaan Rubin bertentangan dengan ideologi Lehmann, ia menjadi
pemimpin dalam Denmark konseling / psikologi, dengan asumsi instruksi
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