Toxic fruits are commonly found in the nature, buttheir consumption ca terjemahan - Toxic fruits are commonly found in the nature, buttheir consumption ca Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Toxic fruits are commonly found in

Toxic fruits are commonly found in the nature, but
their consumption can be harmful to people. Thus,
plant identification skills and knowledge about toxicity
of common plants is necessary. This study showed that
toxic plants that could be identified both by leaves and
fruits are much less understood than common non-toxic
plants with edible fruits. Lower identification skills were
associated with lower willingness to eat unknown fruits.
Four predictions were tested:
1) Females will have better plant identification skills
than males. From an evolutionary perspective, females
were gatherers and males were predominantly hunters
(Kaplan, 1996), thus females should be more
knowledgeable about plants than males. This study did
not support this prediction, because females scored
similarly in their identification abilities score, willingness
to eat toxic fruits, experiences with toxic plants and
other variables. These results do not support with
previous works showing greater preferences for botany
by females (Dawson, 1983; Lohr et al., 2004; Hong,
Shim, & Chang 1998; Gatt et al., 2007; Prokop et al.,
2007a,b; Schussler & Olzak, 2008; Fančovičová &
Prokop, in press). However, as Prokop and Fančovičová
(2010) pointed out, female preferences for plants are
probably pronounced especially in aesthetic domain,
due to the fact that bright colouring signalled food
sources for people throughout evolutionary time
(Heerwagen & Orians, 1993). Further research might be
therefore focused specifically on associations between
ratings of attractiveness of edible and inedible fruits and
willingness to consume them among males and females.
2) Younger children will be more willing to consume
toxic fruits compared to their older counterparts. In
agreement with previous reports about children’s
intoxication by poisonous plants (Jacobson et al., 1989;
Litovitz et al., 1992), we supported this prediction by
showing that younger children are more willing to eat
toxic fruits. As far as we are aware, this is the first
evidence showing that age-specific variation in
willingness to eat toxic fruits exists in school children.
Importantly, we did not find a positive association
between identification skills of poisonous plants and age
of children (the trend was reversed), suggesting that
school does not play an important role in development
of plant identification abilities of toxic plants. These
results indirectly corroborate a study of Tunnicliffe and
Reiss (2000) who found that home and direct
observation are more important sources of knowledge
about plants than school. Furthermore, experiences with
toxic plants significantly increased with the age of the
children, supporting the same idea: older children avoid
eating toxic plants not because they have better factual
knowledge about them, but most probably because they
heard somewhere (e.g., from friends, parents, from TV)
that these plants are toxic. What sources of information
influence children’s decision to avoid toxic plants
however warrants further attention.
3) Children will show more experiences with nontoxic
plants compared to toxic plants and consequently
non-toxic plants will be identified more correctly than
toxic plants. Although this prediction would be seen
trivial at first glance, it was necessary to examine relative
abilities of children to discriminate between toxic and
non-toxic plants and their fruits. In line with this
prediction, plants of which fruits are commonly used
for consumption were more known than toxic plants
with inedible fruits. However, both these groups of
plants influence human survival, thus greater attention
of teachers when teaching about toxic plants is required.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Toxic fruits are commonly found in the nature, but
their consumption can be harmful to people. Thus,
plant identification skills and knowledge about toxicity
of common plants is necessary. This study showed that
toxic plants that could be identified both by leaves and
fruits are much less understood than common non-toxic
plants with edible fruits. Lower identification skills were
associated with lower willingness to eat unknown fruits.
Four predictions were tested:
1) Females will have better plant identification skills
than males. From an evolutionary perspective, females
were gatherers and males were predominantly hunters
(Kaplan, 1996), thus females should be more
knowledgeable about plants than males. This study did
not support this prediction, because females scored
similarly in their identification abilities score, willingness
to eat toxic fruits, experiences with toxic plants and
other variables. These results do not support with
previous works showing greater preferences for botany
by females (Dawson, 1983; Lohr et al., 2004; Hong,
Shim, & Chang 1998; Gatt et al., 2007; Prokop et al.,
2007a,b; Schussler & Olzak, 2008; Fančovičová &
Prokop, in press). However, as Prokop and Fančovičová
(2010) pointed out, female preferences for plants are
probably pronounced especially in aesthetic domain,
due to the fact that bright colouring signalled food
sources for people throughout evolutionary time
(Heerwagen & Orians, 1993). Further research might be
therefore focused specifically on associations between
ratings of attractiveness of edible and inedible fruits and
willingness to consume them among males and females.
2) Younger children will be more willing to consume
toxic fruits compared to their older counterparts. In
agreement with previous reports about children’s
intoxication by poisonous plants (Jacobson et al., 1989;
Litovitz et al., 1992), we supported this prediction by
showing that younger children are more willing to eat
toxic fruits. As far as we are aware, this is the first
evidence showing that age-specific variation in
willingness to eat toxic fruits exists in school children.
Importantly, we did not find a positive association
between identification skills of poisonous plants and age
of children (the trend was reversed), suggesting that
school does not play an important role in development
of plant identification abilities of toxic plants. These
results indirectly corroborate a study of Tunnicliffe and
Reiss (2000) who found that home and direct
observation are more important sources of knowledge
about plants than school. Furthermore, experiences with
toxic plants significantly increased with the age of the
children, supporting the same idea: older children avoid
eating toxic plants not because they have better factual
knowledge about them, but most probably because they
heard somewhere (e.g., from friends, parents, from TV)
that these plants are toxic. What sources of information
influence children’s decision to avoid toxic plants
however warrants further attention.
3) Children will show more experiences with nontoxic
plants compared to toxic plants and consequently
non-toxic plants will be identified more correctly than
toxic plants. Although this prediction would be seen
trivial at first glance, it was necessary to examine relative
abilities of children to discriminate between toxic and
non-toxic plants and their fruits. In line with this
prediction, plants of which fruits are commonly used
for consumption were more known than toxic plants
with inedible fruits. However, both these groups of
plants influence human survival, thus greater attention
of teachers when teaching about toxic plants is required.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Buah beracun biasanya ditemukan di alam, namun
konsumsi mereka bisa berbahaya bagi orang-orang. Dengan demikian,
keterampilan identifikasi tanaman dan pengetahuan tentang toksisitas
tanaman yang umum diperlukan. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa
tanaman beracun yang dapat diidentifikasi baik oleh daun dan
buah-buahan yang jauh lebih sedikit dipahami daripada non-toksik umum
tanaman dengan buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan. Keterampilan identifikasi yang lebih rendah
dikaitkan dengan kesediaan yang lebih rendah untuk makan buah-buahan yang tidak diketahui.
Empat prediksi diuji:
1) Wanita akan memiliki kemampuan identifikasi tanaman yang lebih baik
daripada laki-laki. Dari perspektif evolusi, wanita
yang pengumpul dan laki-laki sebagian besar adalah pemburu
(Kaplan, 1996), sehingga perempuan harus lebih
berpengetahuan tentang tanaman daripada laki-laki. Penelitian ini tidak
tidak mendukung prediksi ini, karena perempuan mencetak
sama dalam kemampuan identifikasi mereka mencetak gol, kesediaan
untuk makan buah-buahan beracun, pengalaman dengan tanaman beracun dan
variabel lainnya. Hasil ini tidak mendukung dengan
karya-karya sebelumnya yang menunjukkan preferensi yang lebih besar untuk botani
oleh perempuan (Dawson, 1983;. Lohr dkk, 2004; Hong,
Shim, & Chang 1998; Gatt et al, 2007;.. Prokop et al,
2007a, b ; Schussler & Olzak, 2008; Fančovičová &
Prokop, di tekan). Namun, seperti Prokop dan Fančovičová
(2010) menunjukkan, preferensi perempuan untuk tanaman
mungkin diucapkan terutama di domain estetika,
karena fakta bahwa pewarna terang menandakan makanan
sumber bagi orang-orang di seluruh waktu evolusi
(Heerwagen & Orians, 1993). Penelitian lebih lanjut mungkin
karena itu difokuskan secara khusus pada hubungan antara
peringkat daya tarik buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan dan termakan dan
kemauan untuk mengkonsumsinya antara laki-laki dan perempuan.
2) anak-anak yang lebih muda akan lebih bersedia untuk mengkonsumsi
buah-buahan beracun dibandingkan dengan rekan-rekan mereka yang lebih tua. Dalam
perjanjian dengan laporan sebelumnya tentang anak-anak
keracunan oleh tanaman beracun (Jacobson et al, 1989;.
. Litovitz et al, 1992), kami mendukung prediksi ini dengan
menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak muda lebih bersedia untuk makan
buah-buahan beracun. Sejauh yang kami ketahui, ini adalah pertama
bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa variasi usia tertentu dalam
keinginan untuk makan buah-buahan toksik terdapat pada anak-anak sekolah.
Yang penting, kami tidak menemukan hubungan positif
antara keterampilan identifikasi tanaman beracun dan usia
anak-anak (yang trend terbalik), menunjukkan bahwa
sekolah tidak memainkan peran penting dalam pengembangan
kemampuan identifikasi tanaman tanaman beracun. Ini
hasil secara tidak langsung menguatkan studi Tunnicliffe dan
Reiss (2000) yang menemukan bahwa rumah dan langsung
pengamatan merupakan sumber yang lebih penting dari pengetahuan
tentang tanaman dari sekolah. Selain itu, pengalaman dengan
tanaman beracun meningkat secara signifikan dengan usia
anak, mendukung ide yang sama: anak-anak menghindari
makan tanaman beracun bukan karena mereka memiliki faktual yang lebih baik
pengetahuan tentang mereka, tapi kemungkinan besar karena mereka
mendengar di suatu tempat (misalnya, dari teman, orang tua , dari TV)
bahwa tanaman ini beracun. Apa sumber-sumber informasi
keputusan anak pengaruh untuk menghindari tanaman beracun
namun waran perhatian lebih lanjut.
3) Anak-anak akan menunjukkan lebih banyak pengalaman dengan beracun
tanaman dibandingkan dengan tanaman beracun dan akibatnya
tanaman non-toksik akan diidentifikasi lebih tepat daripada
tanaman beracun. Meskipun prediksi ini akan terlihat
sepele pada pandangan pertama, itu perlu untuk memeriksa relatif
kemampuan anak-anak untuk membedakan antara beracun dan
tanaman non-toksik dan buah-buahan mereka. Sejalan dengan ini
prediksi, tanaman buah-buahan yang biasanya digunakan
untuk konsumsi lebih dikenal dibandingkan tanaman beracun
dengan buah-buahan termakan. Namun, kedua kelompok ini dari
tanaman mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup manusia, perhatian sehingga lebih
guru ketika mengajar tentang tanaman beracun diperlukan.
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