A sense of the future permeates all action and underlies every decisio terjemahan - A sense of the future permeates all action and underlies every decisio Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

A sense of the future permeates all

A sense of the future permeates all action and underlies every decision a person
makes. People eat expecting to be satisfied and nourished in the future. People sleep
assuming that in the future they will feel rested. They invest energy, money, and time
because they believe their efforts will be rewarded in the future. They build highways
assuming that automobiles and trucks will need them in the future. Parents educate children
on the basis of forecasts that they will need certain skills, attitudes, and knowledge
when they grow up. The truth is we all make implicit forecasts throughout our daily lives.
The question, therefore, is not whether we should forecast but rather how we can best forecast
to enable us to move beyond our ordinarily unarticulated assumptions about the
future. Can we obtain information and then make educated assumptions (forecasts) to better
guide our current decisions to achieve a more desirable future state of affairs? We
should go into the future with our eyes and our minds open, rather than stumble into the
future with our eyes closed.15
Many publications and sources on the Internet forecast external variables. Several
published examples include Industry Week’s “Trends and Forecasts,” BusinessWeek’s
“Investment Outlook,” and Standard & Poor’s Industry Survey. The reputation and continued
success of these publications depend partly on accurate forecasts, so published sources
of information can offer excellent projections. An especially good Web site for industry
forecasts is finance.yahoo.com. Just insert a firm’s stock symbol and go from there.
Sometimes organizations must develop their own projections. Most organizations
forecast (project) their own revenues and profits annually. Organizations sometimes forecast
market share or customer loyalty in local areas. Because forecasting is so important in
strategic management and because the ability to forecast (in contrast to the ability to use a
forecast) is essential, selected forecasting tools are examined further here.
Forecasting tools can be broadly categorized into two groups: quantitative techniques
and qualitative techniques. Quantitative forecasts are most appropriate when historical
data are available and when the relationships among key variables are expected to remain
the same in the future. Linear regression, for example, is based on the assumption that the
future will be just like the past—which, of course, it never is. As historical relationships
become less stable, quantitative forecasts become less accurate.
No forecast is perfect, and some forecasts are even wildly inaccurate. This fact accents
the need for strategists to devote sufficient time and effort to study the underlying bases for
published forecasts and to develop internal forecasts of their own. Key external opportunities
and threats can be effectively identified only through good forecasts. Accurate forecasts
can provide major competitive advantages for organizations. Forecasts are vital to the
strategic-management process and to the success of organizations.
Making Assumptions
Planning would be impossible without assumptions. McConkey defines assumptions as the
“best present estimates of the impact of major external factors, over which the manager has
little if any control, but which may exert a significant impact on performance or the ability
to achieve desired results.”16 Strategists are faced with countless variables and imponderables
that can be neither controlled nor predicted with 100 percent accuracy. Wild guesses
should never be made in formulating strategies, but reasonable assumptions based on
available information must always be made.
By identifying future occurrences that could have a major effect on the firm and by
making reasonable assumptions about those factors, strategists can carry the strategicmanagement
process forward. Assumptions are needed only for future trends and events
that are most likely to have a significant effect on the company’s business. Based on the
best information at the time, assumptions serve as checkpoints on the validity of strategies.
If future occurrences deviate significantly from assumptions, strategists know that
corrective actions may be needed. Without reasonable assumptions, the strategyformulation
process could not proceed effectively. Firms that have the best information
generally make the most accurate assumptions, which can lead to major competitive
advantages.
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A sense of the future permeates all action and underlies every decision a personmakes. People eat expecting to be satisfied and nourished in the future. People sleepassuming that in the future they will feel rested. They invest energy, money, and timebecause they believe their efforts will be rewarded in the future. They build highwaysassuming that automobiles and trucks will need them in the future. Parents educate childrenon the basis of forecasts that they will need certain skills, attitudes, and knowledgewhen they grow up. The truth is we all make implicit forecasts throughout our daily lives.The question, therefore, is not whether we should forecast but rather how we can best forecastto enable us to move beyond our ordinarily unarticulated assumptions about thefuture. Can we obtain information and then make educated assumptions (forecasts) to betterguide our current decisions to achieve a more desirable future state of affairs? Weshould go into the future with our eyes and our minds open, rather than stumble into thefuture with our eyes closed.15Many publications and sources on the Internet forecast external variables. Severalpublished examples include Industry Week’s “Trends and Forecasts,” BusinessWeek’s“Investment Outlook,” and Standard & Poor’s Industry Survey. The reputation and continuedsuccess of these publications depend partly on accurate forecasts, so published sourcesof information can offer excellent projections. An especially good Web site for industryforecasts is finance.yahoo.com. Just insert a firm’s stock symbol and go from there.Sometimes organizations must develop their own projections. Most organizationsforecast (project) their own revenues and profits annually. Organizations sometimes forecastmarket share or customer loyalty in local areas. Because forecasting is so important instrategic management and because the ability to forecast (in contrast to the ability to use aforecast) is essential, selected forecasting tools are examined further here.Forecasting tools can be broadly categorized into two groups: quantitative techniquesand qualitative techniques. Quantitative forecasts are most appropriate when historicaldata are available and when the relationships among key variables are expected to remainthe same in the future. Linear regression, for example, is based on the assumption that thefuture will be just like the past—which, of course, it never is. As historical relationshipsbecome less stable, quantitative forecasts become less accurate.No forecast is perfect, and some forecasts are even wildly inaccurate. This fact accentsthe need for strategists to devote sufficient time and effort to study the underlying bases forpublished forecasts and to develop internal forecasts of their own. Key external opportunitiesand threats can be effectively identified only through good forecasts. Accurate forecastscan provide major competitive advantages for organizations. Forecasts are vital to thestrategic-management process and to the success of organizations.Making AssumptionsPlanning would be impossible without assumptions. McConkey defines assumptions as the“best present estimates of the impact of major external factors, over which the manager haslittle if any control, but which may exert a significant impact on performance or the abilityto achieve desired results.”16 Strategists are faced with countless variables and imponderablesthat can be neither controlled nor predicted with 100 percent accuracy. Wild guessesshould never be made in formulating strategies, but reasonable assumptions based onavailable information must always be made.By identifying future occurrences that could have a major effect on the firm and bymaking reasonable assumptions about those factors, strategists can carry the strategicmanagementprocess forward. Assumptions are needed only for future trends and eventsthat are most likely to have a significant effect on the company’s business. Based on thebest information at the time, assumptions serve as checkpoints on the validity of strategies.If future occurrences deviate significantly from assumptions, strategists know thatcorrective actions may be needed. Without reasonable assumptions, the strategyformulationprocess could not proceed effectively. Firms that have the best informationgenerally make the most accurate assumptions, which can lead to major competitiveadvantages.
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Rasa masa depan menembus semua tindakan dan mendasari setiap keputusan seseorang
membuat. Orang makan mengharapkan harus puas dan dipelihara di masa depan. Orang tidur
dengan asumsi bahwa di masa depan mereka akan merasa beristirahat. Mereka menginvestasikan energi, uang, dan waktu
karena mereka percaya usaha mereka akan dihargai di masa depan. Mereka membangun jalan raya
dengan asumsi bahwa mobil dan truk akan membutuhkan mereka di masa depan. Orang tua mendidik anak-anak
atas dasar perkiraan bahwa mereka akan membutuhkan keterampilan tertentu, sikap, dan pengetahuan
ketika mereka tumbuh dewasa. Yang benar adalah kita semua membuat perkiraan implisit sepanjang hidup kita sehari-hari.
Pertanyaannya, oleh karena itu, bukan apakah kita harus memperkirakan melainkan bagaimana kita dapat meramalkan
untuk memungkinkan kita untuk bergerak di luar asumsi biasanya tidak diartikulasikan kami tentang
masa depan. Bisakah kita mendapatkan informasi dan kemudian membuat asumsi berpendidikan (perkiraan) untuk lebih
memandu keputusan kita saat ini untuk mencapai keadaan masa depan yang lebih diinginkan urusan? Kita
harus pergi ke masa depan dengan mata dan pikiran kita terbuka, daripada tersandung ke
masa depan dengan mata kita closed.15
Banyak publikasi dan sumber di Internet variabel eksternal diperkirakan. Beberapa
contoh yang diterbitkan meliputi Industri minggu ini "Tren dan Prakiraan," BusinessWeek
"Investasi Outlook," dan Standard & Poor Industri Survey. Reputasi dan lanjutan
keberhasilan publikasi ini sebagian tergantung pada perkiraan yang akurat, sumber sehingga diterbitkan
informasi dapat menawarkan proyeksi yang sangat baik. Situs Web terutama baik untuk industri
perkiraan adalah finance.yahoo.com. Hanya memasukkan simbol saham perusahaan dan pergi dari sana.
Kadang-kadang organisasi harus mengembangkan proyeksi mereka sendiri. Sebagian besar organisasi
meramalkan (proyek) pendapatan dan keuntungan mereka sendiri setiap tahun. Organisasi kadang-kadang memperkirakan
pangsa pasar atau loyalitas pelanggan di wilayah setempat. Karena peramalan sangat penting dalam
manajemen strategis dan karena kemampuan untuk meramalkan (berbeda dengan kemampuan untuk menggunakan
perkiraan) sangat penting, alat peramalan yang dipilih diperiksa lebih lanjut di sini.
Alat Peramalan dapat dikategorikan ke dalam dua kelompok: teknik kuantitatif
dan kualitatif teknik. Perkiraan kuantitatif yang paling tepat ketika sejarah
data yang tersedia dan ketika hubungan antara variabel kunci diharapkan tetap
sama di masa depan. Regresi linier, misalnya, didasarkan pada asumsi bahwa
masa depan akan menjadi seperti masa lalu-yang, tentu saja, tidak pernah adalah. Sebagai hubungan sejarah
menjadi kurang stabil, perkiraan kuantitatif menjadi kurang akurat.
Tidak ada perkiraan yang sempurna, dan beberapa perkiraan bahkan liar tidak akurat. Fakta ini aksen
kebutuhan strategi untuk mencurahkan waktu yang cukup dan usaha untuk mempelajari dasar yang mendasari untuk
prakiraan diterbitkan dan mengembangkan perkiraan internal mereka sendiri. Peluang eksternal kunci
dan ancaman dapat diidentifikasi secara efektif hanya melalui perkiraan yang baik. Perkiraan yang akurat
dapat memberikan keuntungan kompetitif utama untuk organisasi. Perkiraan sangat penting untuk
proses strategis manajemen dan keberhasilan organisasi.
Membuat Asumsi
Perencanaan tidak mungkin tanpa asumsi. McConkey mendefinisikan asumsi sebagai
"perkiraan hadiah terbaik dari dampak faktor eksternal utama, di mana manajer memiliki
sedikit jika kontrol apapun, tetapi yang mungkin mengerahkan dampak yang signifikan terhadap kinerja atau kemampuan
untuk mencapai hasil yang diinginkan." 16 Ahli strategi dihadapkan dengan variabel yang tak terhitung jumlahnya dan tak terpikirkan
yang dapat dikendalikan atau tidak diprediksi dengan akurasi 100 persen. Tebakan liar
tidak harus dibuat dalam merumuskan strategi, tapi asumsi yang wajar berdasarkan
informasi yang tersedia harus selalu dilakukan.
Dengan mengidentifikasi kejadian masa depan yang bisa memiliki pengaruh besar pada perusahaan dan oleh
membuat asumsi yang wajar tentang faktor-faktor tersebut, strategi dapat membawa strategicmanagement
proses meneruskan. Asumsi yang diperlukan hanya untuk tren masa depan dan peristiwa
yang paling mungkin memiliki efek yang signifikan pada bisnis perusahaan. Berdasarkan
informasi terbaik pada saat itu, asumsi berfungsi sebagai pos pemeriksaan pada validitas dari strategi.
Jika kejadian masa menyimpang secara signifikan dari asumsi, strategi tahu bahwa
tindakan korektif mungkin diperlukan. Tanpa asumsi yang wajar, strategyformulation
proses tidak bisa dilanjutkan secara efektif. Perusahaan yang memiliki informasi terbaik
umumnya membuat asumsi yang paling akurat, yang dapat menyebabkan kompetitif utama
keuntungan.
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