This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, terjemahan - This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

This report will monitor pending an

This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, relevant legislation, and
other 113
th
Congress interest in U.S. FTAs.
What Are Free Trade Areas?
Free trade areas are part of the broad category of trade arrangements under which membercountries grant one another preferential treatment in trade. Preferential trade arrangements
include the following:
• free trade areas(FTAs), under which member countries agree to eliminate
tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods within the FTA, but each country
maintains its own trade policies, including tariffs on trade outside the region;
• customs unions, in which members conduct free trade among themselves and
maintain common tariffs and other trade policies outside the arrangement;
• common markets, in which member countries go beyond a customs union by
eliminating barriers to labor and capital flows across national borders within the
market; and
• economic unions, where members merge their economies even further by
establishing a common currency, and therefore a unified monetary policy, along
with other common economic institutions. The European Union is the most
significant example of a group of countries that has gone from a customs union to
an economic union.
4
The process of forming an FTA usually begins with discussions between trading partners to
ascertain the feasibility of forming an FTA. If they agree to go forward, then the countries
undertake negotiations on what the FTA would look like. At a minimum, participants in an FTA
agree to eliminate tariffs and some other nontariff trade barriers and agree to do so over a specific
time period. In addition, the partner countries usually agree on rules of origin, that is, a definition
of what constitutes a product manufactured within the FTA and, therefore, one that is eligible to
receive duty-free and other preferential trade treatment. Rules of origin prevent products from
nonmembers entering an FTA market over the lowest tariff wall. Most FTAs also include
procedures on the settlement of disputes arising among members and rules on the implementation
of border controls, such as product safety certification and sanitary and phytosanitary
requirements. Most recent FTAs contain rules on economic activities besides trade in goods,
including foreign investment, intellectual property rights protection, treatment of labor and
environment, and trade in services. The size and complexity of the FTA will largely reflect the
size and complexity of the economic relations among the participating countries. U.S. FTAs with
Israel and Jordan are relatively basic, while the NAFTA (the United States, Canada, and Mexico)
is very complex.
4
Besides the arrangements described above under which member countries extend reciprocalpreferential treatment,
there are trade arrangements under which one party agrees to extend nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports
of a country or group of countries unilaterally. Such arrangements involve primarily developed countries extending
nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports from developing countries. For example, the United States employs
the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the Andean Trade Preferences Act (ATPA), the Caribbean Basin
Initiative (CBI), and the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The main objective of these nonreciprocal
arrangements is to encourage economic development in developing countries. This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, relevant legislation, and
other 113
th
Congress interest in U.S. FTAs.
What Are Free Trade Areas?
Free trade areas are part of the broad category of trade arrangements under which membercountries grant one another preferential treatment in trade. Preferential trade arrangements
include the following:
• free trade areas(FTAs), under which member countries agree to eliminate
tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods within the FTA, but each country
maintains its own trade policies, including tariffs on trade outside the region;
• customs unions, in which members conduct free trade among themselves and
maintain common tariffs and other trade policies outside the arrangement;
• common markets, in which member countries go beyond a customs union by
eliminating barriers to labor and capital flows across national borders within the
market; and
• economic unions, where members merge their economies even further by
establishing a common currency, and therefore a unified monetary policy, along
with other common economic institutions. The European Union is the most
significant example of a group of countries that has gone from a customs union to
an economic union.
4
The process of forming an FTA usually begins with discussions between trading partners to
ascertain the feasibility of forming an FTA. If they agree to go forward, then the countries
undertake negotiations on what the FTA would look like. At a minimum, participants in an FTA
agree to eliminate tariffs and some other nontariff trade barriers and agree to do so over a specific
time period. In addition, the partner countries usually agree on rules of origin, that is, a definition
of what constitutes a product manufactured within the FTA and, therefore, one that is eligible to
receive duty-free and other preferential trade treatment. Rules of origin prevent products from
nonmembers entering an FTA market over the lowest tariff wall. Most FTAs also include
procedures on the settlement of disputes arising among members and rules on the implementation
of border controls, such as product safety certification and sanitary and phytosanitary
requirements. Most recent FTAs contain rules on economic activities besides trade in goods,
including foreign investment, intellectual property rights protection, treatment of labor and
environment, and trade in services. The size and complexity of the FTA will largely reflect the
size and complexity of the economic relations among the participating countries. U.S. FTAs with
Israel and Jordan are relatively basic, while the NAFTA (the United States, Canada, and Mexico)
is very complex.
4
Besides the arrangements described above under which member countries extend reciprocalpreferential treatment,
there are trade arrangements under which one party agrees to extend nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports
of a country or group of countries unilaterally. Such arrangements involve primarily developed countries extending
nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports from developing countries. For example, the United States employs
the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the Andean Trade Preferences Act (ATPA), the Caribbean Basin
Initiative (CBI), and the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The main objective of these nonreciprocal
arrangements is to encourage economic development in developing countries.
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This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, relevant legislation, and other 113thCongress interest in U.S. FTAs. What Are Free Trade Areas? Free trade areas are part of the broad category of trade arrangements under which membercountries grant one another preferential treatment in trade. Preferential trade arrangements include the following: • free trade areas(FTAs), under which member countries agree to eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods within the FTA, but each country maintains its own trade policies, including tariffs on trade outside the region; • customs unions, in which members conduct free trade among themselves and maintain common tariffs and other trade policies outside the arrangement; • common markets, in which member countries go beyond a customs union by eliminating barriers to labor and capital flows across national borders within the market; and • economic unions, where members merge their economies even further by establishing a common currency, and therefore a unified monetary policy, along with other common economic institutions. The European Union is the most significant example of a group of countries that has gone from a customs union to an economic union.4The process of forming an FTA usually begins with discussions between trading partners to ascertain the feasibility of forming an FTA. If they agree to go forward, then the countries undertake negotiations on what the FTA would look like. At a minimum, participants in an FTA agree to eliminate tariffs and some other nontariff trade barriers and agree to do so over a specific time period. In addition, the partner countries usually agree on rules of origin, that is, a definition of what constitutes a product manufactured within the FTA and, therefore, one that is eligible to receive duty-free and other preferential trade treatment. Rules of origin prevent products from nonmembers entering an FTA market over the lowest tariff wall. Most FTAs also include procedures on the settlement of disputes arising among members and rules on the implementation of border controls, such as product safety certification and sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. Most recent FTAs contain rules on economic activities besides trade in goods, including foreign investment, intellectual property rights protection, treatment of labor and environment, and trade in services. The size and complexity of the FTA will largely reflect the size and complexity of the economic relations among the participating countries. U.S. FTAs with Israel and Jordan are relatively basic, while the NAFTA (the United States, Canada, and Mexico) is very complex. 4Besides the arrangements described above under which member countries extend reciprocalpreferential treatment, there are trade arrangements under which one party agrees to extend nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports of a country or group of countries unilaterally. Such arrangements involve primarily developed countries extending nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports from developing countries. For example, the United States employs the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the Andean Trade Preferences Act (ATPA), the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), and the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The main objective of these nonreciprocal arrangements is to encourage economic development in developing countries. This report will monitor pending and possible proposals for U.S. FTAs, relevant legislation, and other 113thCongress interest in U.S. FTAs. What Are Free Trade Areas? Free trade areas are part of the broad category of trade arrangements under which membercountries grant one another preferential treatment in trade. Preferential trade arrangements include the following: • free trade areas(FTAs), under which member countries agree to eliminate tariffs and nontariff barriers on trade in goods within the FTA, but each country maintains its own trade policies, including tariffs on trade outside the region; • customs unions, in which members conduct free trade among themselves and maintain common tariffs and other trade policies outside the arrangement; • common markets, in which member countries go beyond a customs union by eliminating barriers to labor and capital flows across national borders within the market; and • economic unions, where members merge their economies even further by establishing a common currency, and therefore a unified monetary policy, along with other common economic institutions. The European Union is the most significant example of a group of countries that has gone from a customs union to an economic union.4The process of forming an FTA usually begins with discussions between trading partners to ascertain the feasibility of forming an FTA. If they agree to go forward, then the countries undertake negotiations on what the FTA would look like. At a minimum, participants in an FTA agree to eliminate tariffs and some other nontariff trade barriers and agree to do so over a specific time period. In addition, the partner countries usually agree on rules of origin, that is, a definition of what constitutes a product manufactured within the FTA and, therefore, one that is eligible to receive duty-free and other preferential trade treatment. Rules of origin prevent products from nonmembers entering an FTA market over the lowest tariff wall. Most FTAs also include procedures on the settlement of disputes arising among members and rules on the implementation of border controls, such as product safety certification and sanitary and phytosanitary requirements. Most recent FTAs contain rules on economic activities besides trade in goods, including foreign investment, intellectual property rights protection, treatment of labor and environment, and trade in services. The size and complexity of the FTA will largely reflect the
size and complexity of the economic relations among the participating countries. U.S. FTAs with
Israel and Jordan are relatively basic, while the NAFTA (the United States, Canada, and Mexico)
is very complex.
4
Besides the arrangements described above under which member countries extend reciprocalpreferential treatment,
there are trade arrangements under which one party agrees to extend nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports
of a country or group of countries unilaterally. Such arrangements involve primarily developed countries extending
nonreciprocal preferential treatment to the imports from developing countries. For example, the United States employs
the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), the Andean Trade Preferences Act (ATPA), the Caribbean Basin
Initiative (CBI), and the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The main objective of these nonreciprocal
arrangements is to encourage economic development in developing countries.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Laporan ini akan memantau tertunda dan mungkin proposal untuk US FTA, undang-undang yang relevan, dan
113 lainnya
th
Kongres minat US FTA.
Apakah Gratis Area Perdagangan?
Daerah perdagangan bebas adalah bagian dari kategori yang luas dari pengaturan perdagangan di mana membercountries memberikan satu sama lain preferensial pengobatan dalam perdagangan. Pengaturan perdagangan preferensial
meliputi:
• daerah perdagangan bebas (FTA), di mana negara-negara anggota setuju untuk menghilangkan
tarif dan hambatan nontarif di perdagangan barang dalam FTA, namun masing-masing negara
mempertahankan kebijakan perdagangan sendiri, termasuk tarif pada perdagangan luar daerah ;
• serikat pabean, di mana anggota melakukan perdagangan bebas di antara mereka sendiri dan
mempertahankan tarif umum dan kebijakan perdagangan lain di luar pengaturan;
• pasar umum, di mana negara-negara anggota melampaui serikat pabean dengan
menghilangkan hambatan untuk tenaga kerja dan modal mengalir lintas batas nasional dalam yang
pasar; dan
• serikat ekonomi, di mana anggota menggabungkan ekonomi mereka lebih jauh dengan
mendirikan mata uang bersama, dan karena itu kebijakan moneter terpadu, bersama
dengan lembaga-lembaga ekonomi umum lainnya. Uni Eropa adalah yang paling
contoh signifikan dari kelompok negara-negara yang telah pergi dari serikat pabean untuk
serikat ekonomi.
4
Proses membentuk FTA biasanya dimulai dengan diskusi antara mitra dagang untuk
memastikan kelayakan membentuk FTA. Jika mereka setuju untuk maju, maka negara-negara
melakukan negosiasi pada apa FTA akan terlihat seperti. Minimal, peserta dalam FTA
setuju untuk menghapuskan tarif dan hambatan perdagangan nontarif beberapa lainnya dan setuju untuk melakukannya lebih tertentu
periode waktu. Selain itu, negara-negara mitra biasanya menyepakati aturan asal, yaitu, definisi
dari apa yang merupakan produk yang diproduksi di dalam FTA dan, karena itu, salah satu yang memenuhi syarat untuk
menerima bebas bea dan pengobatan perdagangan preferensial lainnya. Aturan asal mencegah produk dari
nonanggota memasuki pasar FTA atas dinding tarif terendah. Kebanyakan FTA juga mencakup
prosedur penyelesaian perselisihan yang timbul antara anggota dan aturan tentang pelaksanaan
kontrol perbatasan, seperti sertifikasi keamanan produk dan sanitary dan phytosanitary
persyaratan. Kebanyakan FTA baru-baru ini berisi aturan tentang kegiatan ekonomi selain perdagangan barang,
termasuk investasi asing, perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual, pengobatan tenaga kerja dan
lingkungan, dan perdagangan jasa. Ukuran dan kompleksitas dari FTA akan sangat mencerminkan
ukuran dan kompleksitas hubungan ekonomi antara negara-negara yang berpartisipasi. US FTA dengan
Israel dan Yordania relatif dasar, sedangkan NAFTA (Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan Meksiko)
sangat kompleks.
4
Selain pengaturan yang dijelaskan di atas di bawah negara-negara anggota yang memperpanjang pengobatan reciprocalpreferential,
ada pengaturan perdagangan di mana satu pihak setuju untuk memperpanjang perlakuan istimewa nonreciprocal untuk impor
dari negara atau kelompok negara secara sepihak. Pengaturan tersebut melibatkan negara-negara maju terutama memperluas
perlakuan istimewa nonreciprocal untuk impor dari negara-negara berkembang. Sebagai contoh, Amerika Serikat mempekerjakan
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), Preferences Act Andean Trade (ATPA), Karibia Basin
Initiative (CBI), dan Afrika Pertumbuhan dan Peluang Act (AGOA). Tujuan utama dari nonreciprocal
pengaturan adalah untuk mendorong pembangunan ekonomi di negara-negara berkembang. Laporan ini akan memantau tertunda dan mungkin proposal untuk US FTA, undang-undang yang relevan, dan
113 lainnya
th
Kongres minat US FTA.
Apakah Gratis Area Perdagangan?
Daerah perdagangan bebas adalah bagian dari kategori yang luas dari pengaturan perdagangan di mana membercountries memberikan satu sama lain preferensial pengobatan dalam perdagangan. Pengaturan perdagangan preferensial
meliputi:
• daerah perdagangan bebas (FTA), di mana negara-negara anggota setuju untuk menghilangkan
tarif dan hambatan nontarif di perdagangan barang dalam FTA, namun masing-masing negara
mempertahankan kebijakan perdagangan sendiri, termasuk tarif pada perdagangan luar daerah ;
• serikat pabean, di mana anggota melakukan perdagangan bebas di antara mereka sendiri dan
mempertahankan tarif umum dan kebijakan perdagangan lain di luar pengaturan;
• pasar umum, di mana negara-negara anggota melampaui serikat pabean dengan
menghilangkan hambatan untuk tenaga kerja dan modal mengalir lintas batas nasional dalam yang
pasar; dan
• serikat ekonomi, di mana anggota menggabungkan ekonomi mereka lebih jauh dengan
mendirikan mata uang bersama, dan karena itu kebijakan moneter terpadu, bersama
dengan lembaga-lembaga ekonomi umum lainnya. Uni Eropa adalah yang paling
contoh signifikan dari kelompok negara-negara yang telah pergi dari serikat pabean untuk
serikat ekonomi.
4
Proses membentuk FTA biasanya dimulai dengan diskusi antara mitra dagang untuk
memastikan kelayakan membentuk FTA. Jika mereka setuju untuk maju, maka negara-negara
melakukan negosiasi pada apa FTA akan terlihat seperti. Minimal, peserta dalam FTA
setuju untuk menghapuskan tarif dan hambatan perdagangan nontarif beberapa lainnya dan setuju untuk melakukannya lebih tertentu
periode waktu. Selain itu, negara-negara mitra biasanya menyepakati aturan asal, yaitu, definisi
dari apa yang merupakan produk yang diproduksi di dalam FTA dan, karena itu, salah satu yang memenuhi syarat untuk
menerima bebas bea dan pengobatan perdagangan preferensial lainnya. Aturan asal mencegah produk dari
nonanggota memasuki pasar FTA atas dinding tarif terendah. Kebanyakan FTA juga mencakup
prosedur penyelesaian perselisihan yang timbul antara anggota dan aturan tentang pelaksanaan
kontrol perbatasan, seperti sertifikasi keamanan produk dan sanitary dan phytosanitary
persyaratan. Kebanyakan FTA baru-baru ini berisi aturan tentang kegiatan ekonomi selain perdagangan barang,
termasuk investasi asing, perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual, pengobatan tenaga kerja dan
lingkungan, dan perdagangan jasa. Ukuran dan kompleksitas dari FTA akan sangat mencerminkan
ukuran dan kompleksitas hubungan ekonomi antara negara-negara yang berpartisipasi. US FTA dengan
Israel dan Yordania relatif dasar, sedangkan NAFTA (Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan Meksiko)
sangat kompleks.
4
Selain pengaturan yang dijelaskan di atas di bawah negara-negara anggota yang memperpanjang pengobatan reciprocalpreferential,
ada pengaturan perdagangan di mana satu pihak setuju untuk memperpanjang perlakuan istimewa nonreciprocal untuk impor
dari negara atau kelompok negara secara sepihak. Pengaturan tersebut melibatkan negara-negara maju terutama memperluas
perlakuan istimewa nonreciprocal untuk impor dari negara-negara berkembang. Sebagai contoh, Amerika Serikat mempekerjakan
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), Preferences Act Andean Trade (ATPA), Karibia Basin
Initiative (CBI), dan Afrika Pertumbuhan dan Peluang Act (AGOA). Tujuan utama dari nonreciprocal
pengaturan adalah untuk mendorong pembangunan ekonomi di negara-negara berkembang.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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