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A radical new approach to vaccinati

A radical new approach to vaccination seems to completely protect monkeys from HIV, US scientists report.
Vaccines normally train the immune system to fight an infection.
Instead, researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in California have altered the DNA of monkeys to give their cells HIV-fighting properties.
The team describe it as "a big deal" and want to start human trials soon. Independent experts say the idea is worth "strong consideration".
This technique uses gene therapy to introduce a new section of DNA inside healthy muscle cells.
That strip of DNA contains the instructions for manufacturing the tools to neutralise HIV, which are then constantly pumped out into the bloodstream.
Experiments, reported in the journal Nature, showed the monkeys were protected from all types of HIV for at least 34 weeks.
As there was also protection against very high doses, equivalent to the amount of new virus that would be produced in a chronically infected patient, the researchers believe the approach may be useful in people who already have HIV.
Lead researcher Prof Michael Farzan told the BBC: "We are closer than any other approach to universal protection, but we still have hurdles, primarily with safety for giving it to many, many people.
Shifting target
"We're very proud of it and we think it's a big deal, but we are biased."
HIV vaccines have struggled because the virus mutates so rapidly it is a constantly shifting target.
This one targets areas that HIV struggles to change.
"The real strength of this thing is that it is more potent than any antibody," Prof Farzan said.
However, there are safety questions.
After conventional vaccination, the immune system responds only after it is presented with a threat.
The gene therapy approach turns cells into factories that constantly spew out the artificial HIV-killers, and the long-term implications of that are unknown.
'Important step'
The team want to begin trials in patients who have HIV but are unable to take conventional drug therapies within the next year.
Prof Nancy Haigwood, of Oregon Health & Science University, commented: "In the absence of a vaccine that can elicit broadly protective immunity and prevent infection, and given the lack of major breakthroughs on the horizon to provide one, the idea of conferring potent, sustained vaccine-like protection against HIV infection through gene therapy is certainly worth strong consideration."
Dr Anthony Fauci, of the US National Institutes of Health, said: "This innovative research holds promise for moving us toward two important goals: achieving long-term protection from HIV infection, and putting HIV into sustained remission in chronically infected people."





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A radical new approach to vaccination seems to completely protect monkeys from HIV, US scientists report.Vaccines normally train the immune system to fight an infection.Instead, researchers at the Scripps Research Institute in California have altered the DNA of monkeys to give their cells HIV-fighting properties.The team describe it as "a big deal" and want to start human trials soon. Independent experts say the idea is worth "strong consideration".This technique uses gene therapy to introduce a new section of DNA inside healthy muscle cells.That strip of DNA contains the instructions for manufacturing the tools to neutralise HIV, which are then constantly pumped out into the bloodstream.Experiments, reported in the journal Nature, showed the monkeys were protected from all types of HIV for at least 34 weeks.As there was also protection against very high doses, equivalent to the amount of new virus that would be produced in a chronically infected patient, the researchers believe the approach may be useful in people who already have HIV.Lead researcher Prof Michael Farzan told the BBC: "We are closer than any other approach to universal protection, but we still have hurdles, primarily with safety for giving it to many, many people.Shifting target"We're very proud of it and we think it's a big deal, but we are biased."HIV vaccines have struggled because the virus mutates so rapidly it is a constantly shifting target.This one targets areas that HIV struggles to change."The real strength of this thing is that it is more potent than any antibody," Prof Farzan said.However, there are safety questions.After conventional vaccination, the immune system responds only after it is presented with a threat.The gene therapy approach turns cells into factories that constantly spew out the artificial HIV-killers, and the long-term implications of that are unknown.'Important step'The team want to begin trials in patients who have HIV but are unable to take conventional drug therapies within the next year.Prof Nancy Haigwood, of Oregon Health & Science University, commented: "In the absence of a vaccine that can elicit broadly protective immunity and prevent infection, and given the lack of major breakthroughs on the horizon to provide one, the idea of conferring potent, sustained vaccine-like protection against HIV infection through gene therapy is certainly worth strong consideration."Dr Anthony Fauci, of the US National Institutes of Health, said: "This innovative research holds promise for moving us toward two important goals: achieving long-term protection from HIV infection, and putting HIV into sustained remission in chronically infected people."
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Sebuah pendekatan baru yang radikal untuk vaksinasi tampaknya benar-benar melindungi monyet dari HIV, AS ilmuwan laporan.
Vaksin biasanya melatih sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk melawan infeksi.
Sebaliknya, para peneliti di Scripps Research Institute di California telah mengubah DNA monyet untuk memberikan sel-sel mereka HIV -fighting properti.
Tim menggambarkannya sebagai "masalah besar" dan ingin memulai percobaan manusia segera. Ahli independen mengatakan ide bernilai "pertimbangan yang kuat".
Teknik ini menggunakan terapi gen untuk memperkenalkan bagian baru dari DNA di dalam sel-sel otot yang sehat.
Itu strip DNA berisi instruksi untuk pembuatan alat untuk menetralisir HIV, yang kemudian terus dipompa keluar ke dalam aliran darah.
Percobaan, yang dilaporkan dalam jurnal Nature, menunjukkan monyet dilindungi dari semua jenis HIV untuk setidaknya 34 minggu.
Karena ada juga perlindungan terhadap dosis yang sangat tinggi, setara dengan jumlah virus baru yang akan diproduksi di . pasien infeksi kronis, para peneliti percaya bahwa pendekatan mungkin berguna pada orang yang sudah memiliki HIV
Peneliti utama Prof Michael farzan mengatakan kepada BBC: "Kami lebih dekat daripada pendekatan lain untuk perlindungan universal, tapi kami masih memiliki rintangan, terutama dengan keselamatan untuk memberikannya kepada banyak, banyak orang.
Pergeseran Target
"Kami sangat bangga akan hal itu dan kami pikir itu adalah masalah besar, tapi kami bias."
Vaksin HIV telah berjuang karena virus bermutasi begitu cepat itu adalah target yang selalu berubah.
Yang satu ini menargetkan daerah-daerah yang HIV berjuang untuk berubah.
"Kekuatan sebenarnya dari hal ini adalah bahwa hal itu lebih kuat dari antibodi," kata Prof farzan.
Namun, ada pertanyaan keamanan.
Setelah vaksinasi konvensional, sistem kekebalan tubuh merespon hanya setelah disajikan dengan ancaman.
Pendekatan terapi gen ternyata sel-sel menjadi pabrik yang terus-menerus memuntahkan buatan HIV-pembunuh, dan implikasi jangka panjang yang tidak diketahui.
"Langkah Penting '
Tim ingin memulai uji coba pada pasien yang terinfeksi HIV tetapi tidak dapat mengambil terapi obat konvensional dalam tahun depan.
Prof Nancy Haigwood, dari Oregon Health & Science University, berkomentar: "Dengan tidak adanya vaksin yang dapat menimbulkan kekebalan luas protektif dan mencegah infeksi, dan mengingat kurangnya terobosan besar . di cakrawala untuk memberikan satu, ide pemberian kuat, berkelanjutan perlindungan vaksin seperti terhadap infeksi HIV melalui terapi gen tentu pertimbangan yang kuat layak "
Dr Anthony Fauci, dari US National Institutes of Health, mengatakan: "Penelitian yang inovatif ini memegang berjanji untuk memindahkan kita ke arah dua gol penting. mencapai perlindungan jangka panjang dari infeksi HIV, dan menempatkan HIV ke dalam remisi berkelanjutan pada orang yang terinfeksi secara kronis "





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