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Figure 2.8 Tidal force F acting between two test bodies falling freely towards the surface of a gravitating body. On the right a spherical cluster of small bodies is seen to become ellipsoidal on approaching the body.Thus parts of m located at smaller distances r feel a stronger force. An interesting example is offered by a sphere of freely falling particles. Since the strength of the gravitational field increases in the direction of fall, the particles in the front of the sphere will fall faster than those in the rear. At the same time the lateral cross-section of the sphere will shrink due to the tidal effect. As a result, the sphere will be focused into an ellipsoid with the same volume. This effect is responsible for the gravitational breakup of very nearby massive stars.If the tidal effect is too small to be observable, the laboratory can be considered to be local. On a larger scale the gravitational field is clearly quite nonuniform, so if we make use of the principle of equivalence to replace this field everywhere by locally flat frames, we get a patchwork of frames which describe a curved space. Since the inhomogeneity of the field is caused by the inhomogeneous distribution of gravitating matter, Einstein realized that the space we live in had to be curved, and the curvature had to be related to the distribution of matter.But Einstein had already seen the necessity of introducing a four-dimensional space-time, thus it was not enough to describe space-time in a nonuniform gravitational field by a curved space, time also had to be curved. When moving over a patchwork of local and spatially distinct frames, the local time would also have to be adjusted from frame to frame. In each frame the strong principle of equivalence requires that measurements of time would be independent of the strength of the gravitational field.
Falling Photons. Let us return once more to the passenger in the Einstein lift for a demonstration of the relation between gravitation and the curvature of spacetime. Let the lift be in free fall; the passenger would consider that no gravitational field is present. Standing by one wall and shining a pocket lamp horizontally across the lift, she sees that light travels in a straight path, a geodesic in flat space
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