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ITS COMPOSITIONProcedures of transm

ITS COMPOSITION
Procedures of transmission and preservation demand that the word of God conform to recognizable patterns of human utterance. From the foregoing analysis of rhetorical schemata and of variant tradition, exegetical gloss, and conceptual assimilation, it may be supposed that the Quranic revelation is no exception to the general rule. But the mimetic process is a complex one. Isolation of such monotheist imagery as is characteristic of themes like divine retribution and sign, covenant and exile, indicates the perpetuation in Muslim scripture of established literary types. And yet, the merely allusive style of that document would appear to preclude positing the relationship of figural interpretation (typology) admitted to exist between the Old and New Testaments. The pattern of fulfilment (figuram implere) cannot, or at least hardly, be elicited from a comparison of Muslim with Hebrew scripture. That this is not merelya negative inference from the absence of an explicit connection of the sort established between the Christian and Hebrew scriptures ought to be clear from examination of the Quranic forms themselves, which reflect, but do not develop, most of the themes traditionally associated with literature of prophetical expression.
If the claim to place the Qur'an within that clearlydefined literary tradition is conceded, it would none the less be inaccurate to describe that document as exhibiting essentially a calque of earlier fixed forms. The relationship is rather more complicated, due at least in part to the origins of Muslim scripture in polemic. Illustration of that is provided by analysis of the confused and conflicting theories about the manner of its composition.
Muslim views on the mechanics of revelation consist for the most part of exegetical speculation on the content of Q. 42: 5I. That verse may be set out as follows.
It is not granted to any man that God address him except:
(A) directly
(B) or from behind a screen
(C) or by sending a messenger
who utters with His permission
that which He wishes
He is indeed exaltedand wise.
A primary difficulty in this passage is its implication for a fundamental dilemma of Islamic theology: revelation as the unmediated speech of God, or revelation as the prophetical (angelic) report of God's speech. My translation of element (A) diverges from the consensus doctorum of Muslim tradition, according to which wal}y is synonymous with ilhiim (inspiration), the verbal noun of Quranic alhama (91: 8, a hapax legomenons» It seems clear, however, from element (C), in which the pronominal components of [a-yiihiya and bi-idhnihi can hardly share a single referent, that the use here of awl}ii is 'to reveal/present oneself' and, in conjunction with kallama, 'to utter directly (without mediation)'. That interpretation has the additional advantage of offering the required degree of contrast between the three ( 1) alternative kinds of theophany. Zamakhshari, drawing upon the imagery of delegated authority (wakil, rasal), permitted element (C) to be so interpreted, but alluded in the same passage to what had become a traditional link. between elements (A) and (C), namely, that the concept waJ;y presupposed dispatch (irsiil) of a messenger.> Now, that Quranic awJ;a may in some contexts be a synonym of arsala is clear from the very next verse (Q. 42: 52) liri ~b.-'J ~I ~.Ji ~~(cf.17:86, 41: 12). Application of the equivalence to elements (A) and (C) of Q. 42: 51, producing ultimately an interpretation of nearly the same currency as wal}y: ilhiim, may, I suspect, be traced to the elliptical style of earlier exegetes. Muhammad Kalbi, for example, glossed 'We reveal to you' with 'We send Gabriel to you with it' in the sense of 'to inform you of it',3 Muqatil b. Sulayman improved upon that method by adding to his own gloss 'God revealed to him' the phrase 'Gabriel came to him and informed him of it'. I But that wa/:ty may signify communication, without recourse to an emissary, is confirmed not only by
Q. 42: 51 but also by the use of awIJa in 6: 19, 112, 12: 3,18: 27, etc.
The significance of the tripartite description of the word of God in Q. 42:5I lies in its allusion to the uniqueness of the Mosaic revelation, explicitly adduced three times by Zamakhshari in his commentary to this verse. According to that exposition divine communication to all prophets other than Moses was conveyed by an emissary (mode C); Moses and the angels alone was/are addressed by God, but indirectly (mode B); the Jewish claim that Moses had been directly.and personally spoken to by God (mode A) was denied. This report, adduced without authentication, is found also in Muqatil, and is symptomatic of the polemical atmosphere in which Muslim views were formulated.
The exact nature of that polemic emerges from examination of the imagery employed for mode (B). Quranic /:tijab (screen) may be of literal application(Q. 33: 53) or metaphorical (19: 17,38: 32, 83: 15); its function in 7:46 is eschatological, and in 17: 45 and 41:5 it is a reflex of Biblical masoehjkalymma» In Q. 42: 51,however, the symbolism is Rabbinic, being the locution “????????“ descriptive of the distinction between Israelite and foreign prophets in their reception of the word of God.s And within the circle of Hebrew prophets the Biblical distinction accorded Moses (Exodus 33: II, Numbers 12: 8, Deuteronomy 34: 10) and elaborated in the Rabbinic tradition," is also and not unexpectedly found in Muslim exegesis, e.g. ad Q. 2: 253, 4: 164 (~ f".J-4 .uJI ~~), 7:143-4,28: 30, where it reflects a transition frommode (B) to mode (A). Biblicalattestation of the unique relationship betweenGod and Moses found a second expression in the criterion of angelic mediator, essential to all but the Mosaic revelation and, as mode (C) of Q. 42: 51, of considerable significance in the development of Muslim prophetology." The unmediated theophany of the Pentateuch and earlier prophets was recast in prophetical literature proper, to which the Qur'jin maybe reckoned, by recourse to the messenger formulae and the divine imperative." Quranic waIJy in its final form was an inclusive concept, expanded by Suyiiti to cover not only the express utterance of God but also that which men among themselves perceived to be His intention (i.e. inspirationj. As set out in Q. 42: 51, and shorn of profane and rhetorical amplification, the notion drew almost certainly upon Rabbinic formulations of the Mosaic tradition, even to the extent of adopting in modified form arguments designed originally to demonstrate the precreation of the Torah.
Muslim discussion of the mode of Quranic revelation is characterized by a predominant concern to distinguish it from the manner in which the Torah was revealed. Expressed in the polarity jumla (integral): munajjam (serial), the distinction derived moment from a widely accepted interpretation of Q. 25: 32 “???????????????” The necessary link.between the locution jumlatan wli~idatan (all of one piece) and the Mosaic revelation was provided by interpreting alladhina kafaru (those who reject/disbelieve) as reference to the Jews. Inaprophetical hadith. traced to (Abdallah b. (Abbas such was the primary interpretation, mushrikun (polytheists) being adduced as an alternative. For Zamakhshari the roles were reversed. The spokesmen are Quraysh or, it is said (wa-qila), the Jews. The contrast may be understood as polemical rather than historical, and exhibits a major theme of Muslim exegetical literature. Priority of the Jews over Quraysh in that particular context was early attested, e.g. in Kalbi's gloss to Q. 17: 2 “???????????????”. Quranic proof-texts for this interpretation, containing reference to the Mosaic tablets (alwah, e.g. Q. 7:144-5, IS0, 154, 171 ) , were easily found and frequently adduced, as in Suyiiti.4 Preoccupation with the precise difference between the two revelations generated a number of near-synonYms for the adverbial munajjaman (also nujuman): in the second half of Q. 25: 32 the term tartilan, properly an elocutionary designation (tajlij aI-asnlin) was often interpreted as a reference to serial revelation; from Q. 17: 106 “???????” the expressions mufarraqan (separately) and tanzilan (by descent) could be seen to embody the same concept.s Similarly, nujuman, somewhat arbitrarily related to Quranic ?????? (56: 75), became the point of departure for speculation on the likely extent/capacity of an in stalment (najm), generally agreed to contain about five verses. The notion of a time-lag may also be elicited from Q. 20: 114 “?????????” in which the terms qur'an (publication) and walty (communication) are balanced by implicit reference to a period required for hearing, understanding, and learning the content of each revelation.
The antithesis jumla :munajjam was further differentiated. Lest the concept of piecemeal revelation be seen to thrown doubt upon the origins of Muslim scripture, two verses ??????????? (Q. 2: 185) and ???????? (97: I) were adduced and interpreted to demonstrate that the Quranic revelation had consisted of two separate processes: transfer in its entirety to the nearest heaven and thence serially to the prophet during a period of approximately twenty years ??????????????. The chronological expressions in the two verses, Ramadan and Laylat alqadr, did not remain exclusive to the Muslim revelation: the scriptures of Abraham, of Moses, of David, and of Jesus had also been revealed at ascertainable dates in Ramadan." But it is the Mosaic revelation which furnished almost alone a point d'appui in the polemical discourse, exhibiting the Rabbinic (and Patristic) view of the origins of the Pentateuch. On the other hand, references to Christian scripture in the Qur'an provoked inevitably a similar description, as in Suyiiti, where the interpretation of Q. 3: 3 stressed that both Torah and Gospel (injil) had been revealed all of a piece, or in the observation of Ibn Ishaq on the material contained in
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KOMPOSISIProsedur transmisi dan pelestarian menuntut bahwa Firman Jahweh sesuai dengan pola dikenali ucapan manusia. Dari analisis terdahulu retoris skema dan varian tradisi, eksegesis gloss dan asimilasi konseptual, mungkin seharusnya Wahyu Al-Quran yang ada pengecualian untuk aturan umum. Tetapi proses mimetis yang kompleks. Isolasi tersebut monoteis citra sebagai karakteristik dari tema-tema seperti siksaan ilahi dan tanda, perjanjian dan pengasingan, menunjukkan pengabadian dalam Alkitab Muslim jenis sastra yang mapan. Dan belum, gaya hanya sindiran dokumen tersebut akan muncul untuk menghalangi positing hubungan figural interpretasi (tipologi) mengaku ada antara perjanjian lama dan perjanjian baru. Pola penggenapan (figuram implere) tidak bisa, atau setidaknya tidak, akan menimbulkan dari perbandingan Muslim dengan Kitab Ibrani. Hal ini tidak merelya negatif kesimpulan dari tidak adanya koneksi eksplisit semacam antara Kristen dan kitab-kitab Ibrani harus jelas dari pemeriksaan bentuk Quran sendiri, yang mencerminkan, tetapi tidak mengembangkan, sebagian besar tema tradisional dikaitkan dengan sastra dari ekspresi yang bersifat profetik.Jika klaim untuk menempatkan Al Qur'an dalam tradisi sastra clearlydefined itu mengakui, itu tidak ada yang kurang akan akurat untuk menggambarkan dokumen sebagai menunjukkan pada dasarnya calque sebelumnya tetap bentuk. Hubungan ini agak lebih rumit, karena setidaknya sebagian ke asal-usul Muslim kitab dalam polemik. Ilustrasi yang disediakan oleh analisis teori-teori yang bingung dan bertentangan mengenai tata cara komposisi.Tampilan pada mekanik Wahyu untuk sebagian besar terdiri dari eksegesis spekulasi pada konten t. 42: 5I. Ayat itu dapat menetapkan sebagai berikut.Itu tidak diberikan kepada setiap orang yang Allah memanggilnya kecuali:(A) langsung(B) atau dari belakang layar(C) atau dengan mengirim utusanyang mengucapkan dengan ijin-nyaapa yang ia berharapDia memang exaltedand bijaksana.Kesulitan utama dalam bagian ini adalah implikasinya untuk dilema dasar teologi Islam: Wahyu sebagai pidato unmediated Allah, atau Wahyu sebagai bersifat profetik laporan (Malaikat) Tuhan berbicara. Terjemahan saya unsur (A) ada konsensus doctorum tradisi Muslim, menurut mana wal} y identik dengan ilhiim (inspirasi), kata benda verbal dari Quran alhama (91:8, hapax legomenons» tampak jelas, bagaimanapun, dari unsur (C), di mana komponen bahasa Belanda [a yiihiya dan bi-idhnihi hampir tidak dapat berbagi satu rujukan, yang menggunakan di sini penusuk} ii adalah ' untuk mengungkapkan/saat diri' dan, dalam hubungannya dengan kallama, ' untuk mengucapkan langsung (tanpa mediasi)'. Bahwa interpretasi memiliki keuntungan tambahan menawarkan diperlukan tingkat kontras antara tiga alternatif (1) jenis theophany. Zamakshari, bersandar pada gambaran delegasi kuasa (wakil, rasal), diperbolehkan unsur (C) untuk diinterpretasikan dengan begitu, tetapi disinggung dalam bagian yang sama untuk apa yang telah menjadi link tradisional. antara unsur (A) dan (C), yaitu, yang waJ konsep; y mensyaratkan pengiriman (irsiil) dari messenger. > sekarang, bahwa awJ Al-Quran; mungkin dalam beberapa konteks menjadi sinonim dari arsala jelas dari berikutnya ayat (Q. 42:52) liri ~b.-'J ~ saya ~.Ji ~ ~ (cf.17:86, 41:12). Aplikasi kesetaraan untuk unsur (A) dan (C) dari t. 42:51, memproduksi pada akhirnya penafsiran yang hampir mata uang yang sama sebagai wal} y: ilhiim, saya curiga, dapat ditelusuri ke gaya elips pengulas sebelumnya. Muhammad Kalbi, misalnya, dipoles 'Kita mengungkapkan kepada Anda' dengan 'Kami mengirimkan Gabriel kepada Anda dengan itu' dalam arti dari 'untuk memberitahu Anda tentang itu ', Muqatil 3 b. Sulayman diperbaiki bahwa metode dengan menambahkan sendiri gloss 'Allah dinyatakan kepadanya' kalimat 'Gabriel datang kepadanya dan memberitahunya itu'. Saya tapi itu wa /: ty mungkin menandakan komunikasi, tanpa bantuan untuk seorang utusan, dikonfirmasi bukan hanya denganQ. 42:51 tetapi juga oleh penggunaan awIJa di 6:19, 112, 12: 3,18: 27, dll.Pentingnya Deskripsi tripartit Firman Allah dalam Q. 42:5I terletak di kiasan keunikan Wahyu Mosaic, secara eksplisit sebilangan tiga kali oleh Zamakshari komentarnya kepada ayat ini. Menurut eksposisi yang ilahi komunikasi untuk semua nabi selain Moses disampaikan oleh seorang utusan (modus C); Moses dan malaikat-malaikat sendiri adalah/ditangani oleh Tuhan, tapi tidak langsung (modus B); klaim Yahudi bahwa Moses telah directly.and secara pribadi berbicara dengan Allah (modus A) ditolak. Laporan ini, sebilangan tanpa otentikasi, juga ditemui dalam Muqatil, dan gejala atmosfer polemik di mana tampilan dirumuskan.Sifat yang tepat dari polemik yang muncul dari pemeriksaan pencitraan yang digunakan untuk mode (B). QURANIC /:tijab (layar) mungkin pemakaian literal (Q. 33:53) atau metafora (19: 17,38: 32, 83:15); fungsinya di 7:46 eskatologi, dan di 17:45 dan 41: 5 adalah refleks Alkitab masoehjkalymma» dalam Q. 42:51, namun, Simbolismenya adalah Rabbinic, menjadi ungkapan "???" deskriptif dari perbedaan antara nabi-nabi Israel dan asing dalam penerimaan mereka Firman God.s dan dalam lingkaran nabi Ibrani perbedaan alkitabiah diberikan Moses (Keluaran 33: II, bilangan 12:8, Ulangan 34:10) dan dijabarkan dalam tradisi rabbinik, "juga dan tidak terduga ditemukan dalam penafsiran Muslim, misalnya iklan t. 2: 253, 4: 164 (~ f".J-4 .uJI ~ ~), 7:143-4, 28:30, dimana hal ini mencerminkan frommode transisi (B) ke mode (A). Biblicalattestation betweenGod hubungan unik dan Moses ditemukan suatu ekspresi yang kedua dalam kriteria dipandang sebagai malaikat perantara, penting untuk semua tetapi penyataan mosaik dan, sebagai modus (C) t. 42:51, cukup penting dalam pengembangan Muslim prophetology." Theophany unmediated Pentateuch dan nabi-nabi terdahulu adalah merombak bersifat profetik sastra yang tepat, yang Qur'jin mungkin diperhitungkan, dibantu untuk formula messenger dan keharusan ilahi." WaIJy Al-Quran dalam bentuk akhir adalah konsep yang inklusif, dikembangkan oleh Suyiiti untuk menutupi tidak hanya ucapan Check Tuhan tetapi juga yang laki-laki antara mereka sendiri dianggap niatnya (yaitu inspirationj. Sebagai ditetapkan dalam Q. 42:51, dan dicukur amplifikasi profan dan retoris, gagasan menarik hampir pasti pada rabbinik formulasi dari tradisi Musa, bahkan sebatas mengadopsi dalam bentuk argumen awalnya dirancang untuk menunjukkan precreation Taurat.Muslim diskusi mode Quran Wahyu ini ditandai dengan perhatian utama untuk membedakannya dari cara di mana Taurat diturunkan. Dinyatakan dalam polaritas jumla (integral): munajjam (s.r.l.), perbedaan saat berasal dari penafsiran yang diterima secara luas t. 25:32 "???" Link.between diperlukan ungkapan jumlatan wli ~ idatan (semua dari satu potong) dan Wahyu Mosaic disediakan oleh menafsirkan kafaru alladhina (mereka yang menolak/kafir) sebagai rujukan kepada orang Yahudi. Inaprophetical hadits. ditelusuri (Abdallah b. (Abbas begitulah interpretasi utama, mushrikun (musyrik) yang dikemukakan sebagai alternatif. Untuk Zamakshari peran dibalik. Para jurubicara Quraisy atau, itu adalah kata (wa-Meisya), orang-orang Yahudi. Kontras dapat dipahami sebagai polemik daripada sejarah, dan pameran tema utama sastra eksegesis Muslim. Prioritas Yahudi atas Quraisy dalam konteks tertentu adalah awal ditegaskan, misalnya dalam Kalbi di gloss untuk t. 17:2 "???". Quran bukti-teks untuk interpretasi ini, berisi referensi ke tablet Mosaic (alwah, misalnya t. 7:144-5, IS0, 154, 171), dengan mudah ditemukan dan sering dikemukakan, seperti Suyiiti.4 keasyikan dengan tepat perbedaan antara dua Wahyu dihasilkan sejumlah dekat sinonim untuk munajjaman adverbial (juga nujuman): di paruh kedua t. 25:32 tartilan istilah, benar sebutan elocutionary (tajlij aI-asnlin) sering ditafsirkan sebagai rujukan kepada Wahyu serial; dari t. 17:106 "???" ekspresi mufarraqan (terpisah) dan tanzilan (oleh keturunan) bisa dilihat untuk mewujudkan concept.s sama sama, nujuman, agak sewenang-wenang terkait dengan Al-Quran??? (56:75), menjadi titik keberangkatan untuk spekulasi pada kemungkinan tingkat/kapasitas di stalment (najm), umumnya sepakat untuk mengandung sekitar lima ayat. Gagasan tentang tenggang waktu mungkin juga akan menimbulkan dari t. 20:114 "???" di mana istilah Al qur'an (publikasi) dan walty (komunikasi) yang seimbang dengan implisit referensi untuk suatu periode yang dibutuhkan untuk mendengar, memahami, dan belajar isi dari Wahyu setiap.Antitesis jumla: munajjam adalah lebih jauh dibedakan. Supaya konsep sedikit demi sedikit Wahyu dilihat untuk dilempar keraguan atas usul Muslim Alkitab, dua ayat??? (Q. 2:185) dan??? (97: saya) yang dikemukakan dan ditafsirkan untuk menunjukkan bahwa Wahyu Quran telah terdiri dari dua proses yang terpisah: transfer secara keseluruhan ke langit terdekat dan situ serial ke Nabi selama kira-kira dua puluh tahun???. Ekspresi kronologis dalam dua ayat, Ramadhan dan Lailatul alqadr, tidak tetap eksklusif kepada Wahyu Muslim: kitab Abraham, Moses, David, dan Yesus juga telah diwahyukan pada tanggal yang ditentukan di bulan Ramadan. " Tapi itu adalah Wahyu Mosaic yang dilengkapi hampir saja titik d'appui dalam wacana polemik, memamerkan tampilan Rabbinic (dan patristik) tentang asal-usul Pentateuch. Di sisi lain, referensi ke kitab suci Kristen di dalam Al Qur'an diprovokasi pasti Deskripsi serupa, seperti Suyiiti, mana penafsiran t. 3:3 menekankan bahwa Taurat dan Injil (injil) telah diwahyukan semua sepotong, atau dalam beberapa pengamatan tentang Ibnu Ishaq pada bahan yang terkandung dalam
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ITS COMPOSITION
Procedures of transmission and preservation demand that the word of God conform to recognizable patterns of human utterance. From the foregoing analysis of rhetorical schemata and of variant tradition, exegetical gloss, and conceptual assimilation, it may be supposed that the Quranic revelation is no exception to the general rule. But the mimetic process is a complex one. Isolation of such monotheist imagery as is characteristic of themes like divine retribution and sign, covenant and exile, indicates the perpetuation in Muslim scripture of established literary types. And yet, the merely allusive style of that document would appear to preclude positing the relationship of figural interpretation (typology) admitted to exist between the Old and New Testaments. The pattern of fulfilment (figuram implere) cannot, or at least hardly, be elicited from a comparison of Muslim with Hebrew scripture. That this is not merelya negative inference from the absence of an explicit connection of the sort established between the Christian and Hebrew scriptures ought to be clear from examination of the Quranic forms themselves, which reflect, but do not develop, most of the themes traditionally associated with literature of prophetical expression.
If the claim to place the Qur'an within that clearlydefined literary tradition is conceded, it would none the less be inaccurate to describe that document as exhibiting essentially a calque of earlier fixed forms. The relationship is rather more complicated, due at least in part to the origins of Muslim scripture in polemic. Illustration of that is provided by analysis of the confused and conflicting theories about the manner of its composition.
Muslim views on the mechanics of revelation consist for the most part of exegetical speculation on the content of Q. 42: 5I. That verse may be set out as follows.
It is not granted to any man that God address him except:
(A) directly
(B) or from behind a screen
(C) or by sending a messenger
who utters with His permission
that which He wishes
He is indeed exaltedand wise.
A primary difficulty in this passage is its implication for a fundamental dilemma of Islamic theology: revelation as the unmediated speech of God, or revelation as the prophetical (angelic) report of God's speech. My translation of element (A) diverges from the consensus doctorum of Muslim tradition, according to which wal}y is synonymous with ilhiim (inspiration), the verbal noun of Quranic alhama (91: 8, a hapax legomenons» It seems clear, however, from element (C), in which the pronominal components of [a-yiihiya and bi-idhnihi can hardly share a single referent, that the use here of awl}ii is 'to reveal/present oneself' and, in conjunction with kallama, 'to utter directly (without mediation)'. That interpretation has the additional advantage of offering the required degree of contrast between the three ( 1) alternative kinds of theophany. Zamakhshari, drawing upon the imagery of delegated authority (wakil, rasal), permitted element (C) to be so interpreted, but alluded in the same passage to what had become a traditional link. between elements (A) and (C), namely, that the concept waJ;y presupposed dispatch (irsiil) of a messenger.> Now, that Quranic awJ;a may in some contexts be a synonym of arsala is clear from the very next verse (Q. 42: 52) liri ~b.-'J ~I ~.Ji ~~(cf.17:86, 41: 12). Application of the equivalence to elements (A) and (C) of Q. 42: 51, producing ultimately an interpretation of nearly the same currency as wal}y: ilhiim, may, I suspect, be traced to the elliptical style of earlier exegetes. Muhammad Kalbi, for example, glossed 'We reveal to you' with 'We send Gabriel to you with it' in the sense of 'to inform you of it',3 Muqatil b. Sulayman improved upon that method by adding to his own gloss 'God revealed to him' the phrase 'Gabriel came to him and informed him of it'. I But that wa/:ty may signify communication, without recourse to an emissary, is confirmed not only by
Q. 42: 51 but also by the use of awIJa in 6: 19, 112, 12: 3,18: 27, etc.
The significance of the tripartite description of the word of God in Q. 42:5I lies in its allusion to the uniqueness of the Mosaic revelation, explicitly adduced three times by Zamakhshari in his commentary to this verse. According to that exposition divine communication to all prophets other than Moses was conveyed by an emissary (mode C); Moses and the angels alone was/are addressed by God, but indirectly (mode B); the Jewish claim that Moses had been directly.and personally spoken to by God (mode A) was denied. This report, adduced without authentication, is found also in Muqatil, and is symptomatic of the polemical atmosphere in which Muslim views were formulated.
The exact nature of that polemic emerges from examination of the imagery employed for mode (B). Quranic /:tijab (screen) may be of literal application(Q. 33: 53) or metaphorical (19: 17,38: 32, 83: 15); its function in 7:46 is eschatological, and in 17: 45 and 41:5 it is a reflex of Biblical masoehjkalymma» In Q. 42: 51,however, the symbolism is Rabbinic, being the locution “????????“ descriptive of the distinction between Israelite and foreign prophets in their reception of the word of God.s And within the circle of Hebrew prophets the Biblical distinction accorded Moses (Exodus 33: II, Numbers 12: 8, Deuteronomy 34: 10) and elaborated in the Rabbinic tradition," is also and not unexpectedly found in Muslim exegesis, e.g. ad Q. 2: 253, 4: 164 (~ f".J-4 .uJI ~~), 7:143-4,28: 30, where it reflects a transition frommode (B) to mode (A). Biblicalattestation of the unique relationship betweenGod and Moses found a second expression in the criterion of angelic mediator, essential to all but the Mosaic revelation and, as mode (C) of Q. 42: 51, of considerable significance in the development of Muslim prophetology." The unmediated theophany of the Pentateuch and earlier prophets was recast in prophetical literature proper, to which the Qur'jin maybe reckoned, by recourse to the messenger formulae and the divine imperative." Quranic waIJy in its final form was an inclusive concept, expanded by Suyiiti to cover not only the express utterance of God but also that which men among themselves perceived to be His intention (i.e. inspirationj. As set out in Q. 42: 51, and shorn of profane and rhetorical amplification, the notion drew almost certainly upon Rabbinic formulations of the Mosaic tradition, even to the extent of adopting in modified form arguments designed originally to demonstrate the precreation of the Torah.
Muslim discussion of the mode of Quranic revelation is characterized by a predominant concern to distinguish it from the manner in which the Torah was revealed. Expressed in the polarity jumla (integral): munajjam (serial), the distinction derived moment from a widely accepted interpretation of Q. 25: 32 “???????????????” The necessary link.between the locution jumlatan wli~idatan (all of one piece) and the Mosaic revelation was provided by interpreting alladhina kafaru (those who reject/disbelieve) as reference to the Jews. Inaprophetical hadith. traced to (Abdallah b. (Abbas such was the primary interpretation, mushrikun (polytheists) being adduced as an alternative. For Zamakhshari the roles were reversed. The spokesmen are Quraysh or, it is said (wa-qila), the Jews. The contrast may be understood as polemical rather than historical, and exhibits a major theme of Muslim exegetical literature. Priority of the Jews over Quraysh in that particular context was early attested, e.g. in Kalbi's gloss to Q. 17: 2 “???????????????”. Quranic proof-texts for this interpretation, containing reference to the Mosaic tablets (alwah, e.g. Q. 7:144-5, IS0, 154, 171 ) , were easily found and frequently adduced, as in Suyiiti.4 Preoccupation with the precise difference between the two revelations generated a number of near-synonYms for the adverbial munajjaman (also nujuman): in the second half of Q. 25: 32 the term tartilan, properly an elocutionary designation (tajlij aI-asnlin) was often interpreted as a reference to serial revelation; from Q. 17: 106 “???????” the expressions mufarraqan (separately) and tanzilan (by descent) could be seen to embody the same concept.s Similarly, nujuman, somewhat arbitrarily related to Quranic ?????? (56: 75), became the point of departure for speculation on the likely extent/capacity of an in stalment (najm), generally agreed to contain about five verses. The notion of a time-lag may also be elicited from Q. 20: 114 “?????????” in which the terms qur'an (publication) and walty (communication) are balanced by implicit reference to a period required for hearing, understanding, and learning the content of each revelation.
The antithesis jumla :munajjam was further differentiated. Lest the concept of piecemeal revelation be seen to thrown doubt upon the origins of Muslim scripture, two verses ??????????? (Q. 2: 185) and ???????? (97: I) were adduced and interpreted to demonstrate that the Quranic revelation had consisted of two separate processes: transfer in its entirety to the nearest heaven and thence serially to the prophet during a period of approximately twenty years ??????????????. The chronological expressions in the two verses, Ramadan and Laylat alqadr, did not remain exclusive to the Muslim revelation: the scriptures of Abraham, of Moses, of David, and of Jesus had also been revealed at ascertainable dates in Ramadan." But it is the Mosaic revelation which furnished almost alone a point d'appui in the polemical discourse, exhibiting the Rabbinic (and Patristic) view of the origins of the Pentateuch. On the other hand, references to Christian scripture in the Qur'an provoked inevitably a similar description, as in Suyiiti, where the interpretation of Q. 3: 3 stressed that both Torah and Gospel (injil) had been revealed all of a piece, or in the observation of Ibn Ishaq on the material contained in
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