The plant-parasitic genus Microbotr

The plant-parasitic genus Microbotryum (Pucciniomycotina) has been used as a model for various biological
studies, but fundamental aspects of its life history have not been documented in detail. The smut fungus is characterized by
a dimorphic life cycle with a haploid saprophytic yeast-like stage and a dikaryotic plant-parasitic stage, which bears the teliospores
as dispersal agents. In this study, seedlings and flowers of Silene latifolia Poir. (Caryophyllaceae) were inoculated
with teliospores or sporidial cells of Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae (DC. ex Liro) G. Deml & Oberw. and the germination
of teliospores, the infection process, and the proliferation in the host tissue were documented in vivo using light and electron
microscopy. Although germination of the teliospore is crucial for the establishment of Microbotryum, basidium development
is variable under natural conditions. In flowers, where the amount of nutrients is thought to be high, the fungus
propagates as sporidia, and mating of compatible cells takes place only when flowers are withering and nutrients are decreasing.
On cotyledons (i.e., nutrient-depleted conditions), conjugation occurs shortly after teliospore germination, often
via intrapromycelial mating. After formation of an infectious hypha with an appressorium, the invasion of the host occurs
by direct penetration of the epidermis. While the growth in the plant is typically intercellular, long distance proliferation
seems mediated through xylem tracheary elements. At the beginning of the vegetation period, fungal cells were found between
meristematic shoot host cells, indicating a dormant phase inside the plant. By using different microscopy techniques,
many life stages of Microbotryum are illustrated for the first time, thereby allowing new interpretations of laboratory data.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Genus parasit tanaman Microbotryum (Pucciniomycotina) telah digunakan sebagai model untuk berbagai biologisstudi, tetapi aspek-aspek mendasar sejarah kehidupan tidak telah didokumentasikan secara rinci. Jamur bekas arang yang bercirikansiklus kehidupan dimorfik dengan haploid saprophytic jamur-seperti panggung dan tahap parasit tanaman yang dikaryotic, yang beruang teliosporessebagai agen penyebaran. Dalam studi ini, bibit dan bunga Silene latifolia Poir. (Caryophyllaceae) yang diinokulasidengan teliospores atau sel-sel sporidial Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae (DC. ex Liro) G. Deml & Oberw. dan pengecambahanteliospores, proses infeksi dan proliferasi di jaringan host didokumentasikan di vivo menggunakan cahaya dan elektronmikroskop. Meskipun pengecambahan dari teliospore sangat penting untuk pembentukan Microbotryum, pengembangan basidiumadalah variabel dalam kondisi alamiah. Dalam bunga, mana gizi dianggap tinggi, jamurmenjalar sebagai sporidia, dan perkawinan kompatibel sel yang terjadi hanya ketika bunga layu dan nutrisi yang menurun.Pada cotyledons (yaitu, habis gizi kondisi), konjugasi terjadi segera setelah teliospore pengecambahan, seringVia intrapromycelial kawin. Setelah pembentukan Hifa menular dengan appressorium, invasi Angkatan terjadioleh penetrasi langsung epidermis. Sementara pertumbuhan tanaman proliferasi biasanya interselular, jarak jauhtampaknya ditengahi melalui pembuluh kayu tracheary elemen. Pada awal periode vegetasi, sel-sel jamur yang ditemukan antarameristematic menembak sel inang, menunjukkan sebuah fase yang aktif di dalam pabrik. Dengan menggunakan teknik berbeda mikroskop,banyak tahap kehidupan Microbotryum diilustrasikan untuk pertama kalinya, sehingga memungkinkan interpretasi baru laboratorium data.