BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYINGCO-USE OF ALCOHOL AND NICOTINE:NEURONAL terjemahan - BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYINGCO-USE OF ALCOHOL AND NICOTINE:NEURONAL Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYINGCO-U

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYING
CO-USE OF ALCOHOL AND NICOTINE:
NEURONAL MECHANISMS, CROSSTOLERANCE,
AND GENETIC FACTORS
Douglas Funk, Ph.D.; Peter W. Marinelli, Ph.D.;
and Anh D. Lê, Ph.D.
DOUGLAS FUNK, PH.D., is a staff scientist and PETER W.
MARINELLI, PH.D., is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada.
ANH D. LÊ, PH.D., is a senior scientist at the Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health and an associate professor in the
Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry at the University
of Toronto, Canada.
Alcohol and nicotine are two of the oldest and most
commonly used recreational drugs, and many people use
both of them together. Although their ready availability
likely contributes to the strong correlation between alcohol
and nicotine use, several lines of evidence suggest that
biological factors play a role as well. For example, both
alcohol and nicotine act on a brain system called the
mesolimbic dopamine system, which mediates the
rewarding and reinforcing properties of both drugs.
Modification of the activities of the mesolimbic dopamine
system can interfere with the effects of both alcohol and
nicotine. Another mechanism that may contribute to
alcohol–nicotine interactions is cross-tolerance to the
effects of both drugs. Finally, genetic studies in humans and
of selectively bred mouse and rat strains suggest that shared
genetic factors help determine a person’s liability to use or
abuse both alcohol and nicotine.
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BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES UNDERLYINGCO-USE OF ALCOHOL AND NICOTINE:NEURONAL MECHANISMS, CROSSTOLERANCE,AND GENETIC FACTORSDouglas Funk, Ph.D.; Peter W. Marinelli, Ph.D.;and Anh D. Lê, Ph.D.DOUGLAS FUNK, PH.D., is a staff scientist and PETER W.MARINELLI, PH.D., is a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre forAddiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada.ANH D. LÊ, PH.D., is a senior scientist at the Centre forAddiction and Mental Health and an associate professor in theDepartments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry at the Universityof Toronto, Canada.Alcohol and nicotine are two of the oldest and mostcommonly used recreational drugs, and many people useboth of them together. Although their ready availabilitylikely contributes to the strong correlation between alcoholand nicotine use, several lines of evidence suggest thatbiological factors play a role as well. For example, bothalcohol and nicotine act on a brain system called themesolimbic dopamine system, which mediates therewarding and reinforcing properties of both drugs.Modification of the activities of the mesolimbic dopaminesystem can interfere with the effects of both alcohol andnicotine. Another mechanism that may contribute toalcohol–nicotine interactions is cross-tolerance to theeffects of both drugs. Finally, genetic studies in humans andof selectively bred mouse and rat strains suggest that sharedgenetic factors help determine a person’s liability to use orabuse both alcohol and nicotine.
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PROSES biologis yang mendasari
CO-PENGGUNAAN ALKOHOL DAN NIKOTIN:
MEKANISME neuronal, CROSSTOLERANCE,
DAN GENETIK FAKTOR
Douglas Funk, Ph.D .; Peter W. Marinelli, Ph.D .;
dan Anh D. Lê, Ph.D.
DOUGLAS FUNK, Ph.D., adalah seorang ilmuwan staf dan PETER W.
MARINELLI, Ph.D., adalah postdoctoral fellow di Pusat untuk
Ketergantungan dan Kesehatan Mental di Toronto, Kanada.
ANH D. Le, Ph.D., adalah seorang ilmuwan senior di Pusat
Ketergantungan dan Kesehatan Mental dan profesor di
Departemen Farmakologi dan Psikiatri di University
of Toronto, Kanada .
Alkohol dan nikotin adalah dua tertua dan paling
narkoba umum digunakan, dan banyak orang menggunakan
mereka berdua bersama-sama. Meskipun ketersediaan siap mereka
cenderung memberikan kontribusi terhadap korelasi kuat antara alkohol
dan penggunaan nikotin, beberapa bukti menunjukkan bahwa
faktor biologis berperan serta. Sebagai contoh, kedua
alkohol dan bertindak nikotin pada sistem otak yang disebut
sistem mesolimbic dopamin, yang memediasi
sifat bermanfaat dan memperkuat kedua obat.
Modifikasi kegiatan dopamin mesolimbic
sistem dapat mengganggu efek dari kedua alkohol dan
nikotin. Mekanisme lain yang mungkin berkontribusi terhadap
interaksi alkohol nikotin adalah cross-toleransi terhadap
efek kedua obat. Akhirnya, studi genetik pada manusia dan
selektif dibesarkan mouse dan tikus strain menunjukkan bahwa berbagi
faktor genetik membantu menentukan kewajiban seseorang untuk menggunakan atau
menyalahgunakan baik alkohol dan nikotin.
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