Types of PlansManagers develop and rely on several types of plans.Type terjemahan - Types of PlansManagers develop and rely on several types of plans.Type Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Types of PlansManagers develop and

Types of Plans

Managers develop and rely on several types of plans.
Types of
Plans :

STRATEGIC PLANS
• Broad guide for major
policy setting
• Designed to achieve
long-term goals
• Set by board of directors
and top management

OPERATIONAL PLANS
• Designed to implement
tactical plans
• Plan is one year or less
• Deals with how to
accomplish specific
objectives

TACTICAL PLANS
• Smaller-scale plan to
implement strategic plan
• May be updated
periodically
• Easier to change than
strategic plans

CONTINGENCY PLANS
• Outline of alternative
courses of action if other
plans are disrupted or
noneffective
• Used in conjunction with
strategic, tactical, and
operational plans

Types of Plans Once goals and objectives have been set for the organization, managers
must develop plans for achieving them. A plan is an outline of the actions by
which an organization intends to accomplish its goals and objectives. Just as it has
different goals and objectives, the organization also develops several types of plans, as
shown in Figure 6.4.
Resulting from the strategic planning process, an organization’s strategic plan is
its broadest plan, developed as a guide for major policy setting and decision making.
Strategic plans are set by the board of directors and top management and are generally
designed to achieve the organization’s long-term goals. Thus, a firm’s strategic plan
defines what business the company is in or wants to be in and the kind of company it
is or wants to be. Gannett, a major publisher of 82 different newspapers, revamped its
strategic plan in the face of a prolonged advertising slump. The firm’s plan involved
increasing sports coverage and revamping its subscriber model in an effort to boost revenues.
The new strategic plan recognizes that subscribers increasingly obtain their news
online in a digital format and implemented an online subscriber system. Customers
can read between 5 and 15 articles per month for free, after which they have to pay.5
In addition to strategic plans, most organizations also employ several narrower
kinds of plans. A tactical plan is a smaller scale plan developed to implement a strategy.
Most tactical plans cover a one- to three-year period. If a strategic plan will take
five years to complete, the firm may develop five tactical plans, one covering each year.
Tactical plans may be updated periodically as dictated by conditions and experience.
Their more limited scope permits them to be changed more easily than strategies.
IKEA has a tactical plan that involves opening three stores per year in China through
2016. These stores must be located in urban areas near transit, such as train or light
rail. Because Chinese infrastructure, income levels, lifestyles, and living spaces all differ
from those of its customers in the west, IKEA must utilize a different tactical plan for
its Chinese expansion

170

An operational plan is a type of plan designed to implement
tactical plans. Operational plans are usually established for one
year or less and deal with how to accomplish the organization’s
specific objectives.
Regardless of how hard managers try, sometimes business activities
do not go as planned. Today, most corporations also develop
contingency plans along with strategies, tactical plans, and operational
plans. A contingency plan is a plan that outlines alternative
courses of action that may be taken if an organization’s other plans
are disrupted or become ineffective. For instance, Air Canada was
forced to enact its contingency plan for servicing aircraft after its
normal supplier, Aveos Fleet Performance, suspended operations.
Without warning, Aveos locked out 2,300 workers, filed for credit
protection, and announced that it permanently closed its airframe
maintenance operation. Luckily, Air Canada had a contingency plan
in place to reroute aircraft to a supplier in Quebec for repairs.7
Organizing the Enterprise
After goal setting and planning, the manager’s second major function
is organization. Organizing is the grouping of resources and activities
to accomplish some end result in an efficient and effective manner. Consider the case
of an inventor who creates a new product and goes into business to sell it. At first,
the inventor will do everything on his or her own—purchase raw materials, make the
product, advertise it, sell it, and keep business records. Eventually, as business grows,
the inventor will need help. To begin with, he or she might hire a professional sales
representative and a part-time bookkeeper. Later, it also might be necessary to hire sales
staff, people to assist with production, and an accountant. As the inventor hires new
personnel, he or she must decide what each person will do, to whom each person will
report, and how each person can best take part in the organization’s activities. We discuss
these and other facets of the organizing function in much more detail in Chapter 7.
Leading and Motivating
The leading and motivating function is concerned with the human resources within an
organization. Specifically, leading is the process of influencing people to work toward
a common goal. Motivating is the process of providing reasons for people to work
in the best interests of an organization. Together, leading and motivating are often
referred to as directing.
We have already noted the importance of an organization’s human resources. Because
of this importance, leading and motivating are critical activities. Obviously, different people
do things for different reasons—that is, they have different motivations. Some are
interested primarily in earning as much money as they can. Others may be spurred on
by opportunities to get promoted. Part of a manager’s job, then, is to determine what
factors motivate workers and to try to provide those incentives to encourage effective
performance. Jeffrey R. Immelt, GE’s chairperson and CEO, has worked to transform GE
into a leader in essential themes tied to world development, such as emerging markets,
environmental solutions, demographics, and digital connections. He believes in giving
freedom to his teams and wants them to come up with their own solutions. However, he
does not hesitate to intervene if the situation demands. He believes that a leader’s primary
role is to teach, and he makes people feel that he is willing to share what he has learned.
Immelt also laid the vision for GE’s ambitious “ecomagination initiative” and has been
named one of the “World’s Best CEOs” three times by Barron’s.8 A lot of research has
been done on both motivation and leadership. As you will see in Chapter 10, research on
motivation has yielded very useful information. However, research on leadership has been
less successful. Despite decades of study, no one has discovered a general set of personal
traits or characteristics that makes a good leader. Later in this chapter, we discuss leadership
in more detail.
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Types of PlansManagers develop and rely on several types of plans.Types ofPlans :STRATEGIC PLANS• Broad guide for majorpolicy setting• Designed to achievelong-term goals• Set by board of directorsand top managementOPERATIONAL PLANS• Designed to implementtactical plans• Plan is one year or less• Deals with how toaccomplish specificobjectivesTACTICAL PLANS• Smaller-scale plan toimplement strategic plan• May be updatedperiodically• Easier to change thanstrategic plansCONTINGENCY PLANS• Outline of alternativecourses of action if otherplans are disrupted ornoneffective• Used in conjunction withstrategic, tactical, andoperational plansTypes of Plans Once goals and objectives have been set for the organization, managersmust develop plans for achieving them. A plan is an outline of the actions bywhich an organization intends to accomplish its goals and objectives. Just as it hasdifferent goals and objectives, the organization also develops several types of plans, asshown in Figure 6.4.Resulting from the strategic planning process, an organization’s strategic plan isits broadest plan, developed as a guide for major policy setting and decision making.Strategic plans are set by the board of directors and top management and are generallydesigned to achieve the organization’s long-term goals. Thus, a firm’s strategic plandefines what business the company is in or wants to be in and the kind of company itis or wants to be. Gannett, a major publisher of 82 different newspapers, revamped itsstrategic plan in the face of a prolonged advertising slump. The firm’s plan involvedincreasing sports coverage and revamping its subscriber model in an effort to boost revenues.The new strategic plan recognizes that subscribers increasingly obtain their newsonline in a digital format and implemented an online subscriber system. Customerscan read between 5 and 15 articles per month for free, after which they have to pay.5In addition to strategic plans, most organizations also employ several narrowerkinds of plans. A tactical plan is a smaller scale plan developed to implement a strategy.Most tactical plans cover a one- to three-year period. If a strategic plan will takefive years to complete, the firm may develop five tactical plans, one covering each year.Tactical plans may be updated periodically as dictated by conditions and experience.Their more limited scope permits them to be changed more easily than strategies.IKEA has a tactical plan that involves opening three stores per year in China through2016. These stores must be located in urban areas near transit, such as train or lightrail. Because Chinese infrastructure, income levels, lifestyles, and living spaces all differfrom those of its customers in the west, IKEA must utilize a different tactical plan forits Chinese expansion170An operational plan is a type of plan designed to implementtactical plans. Operational plans are usually established for oneyear or less and deal with how to accomplish the organization’sspecific objectives.Regardless of how hard managers try, sometimes business activitiesdo not go as planned. Today, most corporations also developcontingency plans along with strategies, tactical plans, and operationalplans. A contingency plan is a plan that outlines alternativecourses of action that may be taken if an organization’s other plansare disrupted or become ineffective. For instance, Air Canada wasforced to enact its contingency plan for servicing aircraft after itsnormal supplier, Aveos Fleet Performance, suspended operations.Without warning, Aveos locked out 2,300 workers, filed for creditprotection, and announced that it permanently closed its airframemaintenance operation. Luckily, Air Canada had a contingency planin place to reroute aircraft to a supplier in Quebec for repairs.7Organizing the EnterpriseAfter goal setting and planning, the manager’s second major functionis organization. Organizing is the grouping of resources and activitiesto accomplish some end result in an efficient and effective manner. Consider the caseof an inventor who creates a new product and goes into business to sell it. At first,the inventor will do everything on his or her own—purchase raw materials, make theproduct, advertise it, sell it, and keep business records. Eventually, as business grows,the inventor will need help. To begin with, he or she might hire a professional salesrepresentative and a part-time bookkeeper. Later, it also might be necessary to hire salesstaff, people to assist with production, and an accountant. As the inventor hires newpersonnel, he or she must decide what each person will do, to whom each person willreport, and how each person can best take part in the organization’s activities. We discussthese and other facets of the organizing function in much more detail in Chapter 7.Leading and MotivatingThe leading and motivating function is concerned with the human resources within anorganization. Specifically, leading is the process of influencing people to work towarda common goal. Motivating is the process of providing reasons for people to workin the best interests of an organization. Together, leading and motivating are oftenreferred to as directing.We have already noted the importance of an organization’s human resources. Becauseof this importance, leading and motivating are critical activities. Obviously, different peopledo things for different reasons—that is, they have different motivations. Some areinterested primarily in earning as much money as they can. Others may be spurred onby opportunities to get promoted. Part of a manager’s job, then, is to determine whatfactors motivate workers and to try to provide those incentives to encourage effectiveperformance. Jeffrey R. Immelt, GE’s chairperson and CEO, has worked to transform GE
into a leader in essential themes tied to world development, such as emerging markets,
environmental solutions, demographics, and digital connections. He believes in giving
freedom to his teams and wants them to come up with their own solutions. However, he
does not hesitate to intervene if the situation demands. He believes that a leader’s primary
role is to teach, and he makes people feel that he is willing to share what he has learned.
Immelt also laid the vision for GE’s ambitious “ecomagination initiative” and has been
named one of the “World’s Best CEOs” three times by Barron’s.8 A lot of research has
been done on both motivation and leadership. As you will see in Chapter 10, research on
motivation has yielded very useful information. However, research on leadership has been
less successful. Despite decades of study, no one has discovered a general set of personal
traits or characteristics that makes a good leader. Later in this chapter, we discuss leadership
in more detail.
171
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Jenis Rencana Manajer mengembangkan dan mengandalkan beberapa jenis rencana. Jenis Rencana: RENCANA STRATEGIS • panduan luas untuk utama pengaturan kebijakan • Dirancang untuk mencapai tujuan jangka panjang • Mengatur oleh dewan direksi dan manajemen puncak RENCANA OPERASIONAL • Dirancang untuk melaksanakan taktis rencana • Rencana adalah satu tahun atau kurang • Penawaran dengan cara mencapai spesifik tujuan RENCANA TACTICAL • rencana skala yang lebih kecil untuk melaksanakan rencana strategis • Dapat diperbarui secara berkala • Lebih mudah untuk mengubah dari rencana strategis KONTINJENSI RENCANA • Garis alternatif program aksi jika lain rencana terganggu atau noneffective • Digunakan bersama dengan strategis, taktis, dan rencana operasional Jenis Rencana Setelah tujuan dan sasaran yang telah ditetapkan untuk organisasi, manajer harus mengembangkan rencana untuk mencapainya. Rencana A adalah garis besar tindakan oleh yang organisasi bermaksud untuk mencapai tujuan dan sasaran tersebut. Hanya karena memiliki tujuan dan sasaran yang berbeda, organisasi juga mengembangkan beberapa jenis rencana, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 6.4. Hasil dari proses perencanaan strategis, rencana strategis organisasi adalah rencana luas, dikembangkan sebagai panduan untuk pengaturan kebijakan utama dan keputusan membuat. Rencana strategis yang ditetapkan oleh dewan direksi dan manajemen puncak dan umumnya dirancang untuk mencapai tujuan jangka panjang organisasi. Dengan demikian, rencana strategis suatu perusahaan mendefinisikan apa bisnis perusahaan berada dalam atau ingin berada di dan jenis perusahaan itu adalah atau ingin menjadi. Gannett, penerbit utama 82 surat kabar yang berbeda, dirubah nya rencana strategis dalam menghadapi sebuah iklan kemerosotan berkepanjangan. Rencana perusahaan yang terlibat peningkatan cakupan olahraga dan pembenahan Model pelanggan dalam upaya untuk meningkatkan pendapatan. Rencana strategis baru mengakui bahwa pelanggan semakin mendapatkan berita mereka secara online dalam format digital dan menerapkan sistem pelanggan online. Pelanggan dapat membaca antara 5 dan 15 artikel per bulan secara gratis, setelah itu mereka harus pay.5 Selain rencana strategis, kebanyakan organisasi juga mempekerjakan beberapa sempit macam rencana. Sebuah rencana taktis adalah rencana skala yang lebih kecil dikembangkan untuk menerapkan strategi. Kebanyakan rencana taktis mencakup periode satu sampai tiga tahun. Jika rencana strategis akan mengambil lima tahun untuk menyelesaikan, perusahaan dapat mengembangkan lima rencana taktis, satu menutupi setiap tahun. Rencana Taktis mungkin diperbarui secara berkala sebagai didikte oleh kondisi dan pengalaman. Lingkup mereka lebih terbatas memungkinkan mereka untuk berubah lebih mudah dari strategi . IKEA memiliki rencana taktis yang melibatkan membuka tiga toko per tahun di Cina melalui 2016. Toko-toko ini harus berada di daerah perkotaan dekat transit, seperti kereta api atau cahaya rel. Karena infrastruktur Cina, tingkat pendapatan, gaya hidup, dan ruang hidup semua berbeda dari orang-orang dari pelanggan di barat, IKEA harus memanfaatkan rencana taktis yang berbeda untuk ekspansi China 170 Rencana operasional adalah jenis rencana yang dirancang untuk melaksanakan rencana taktis. Rencana operasional biasanya ditetapkan untuk satu tahun atau kurang dan kesepakatan dengan bagaimana menyelesaikan organisasi tujuan tertentu. Terlepas dari bagaimana manajer keras mencoba, kadang-kadang kegiatan usaha tidak berjalan seperti yang direncanakan. Saat ini, kebanyakan perusahaan juga mengembangkan rencana darurat bersama dengan strategi, rencana taktis, dan operasional rencana. Sebuah rencana kontingensi adalah rencana yang menguraikan alternatif program tindakan yang dapat diambil jika organisasi rencana lain terganggu atau menjadi tidak efektif. Misalnya, Air Canada telah dipaksa untuk memberlakukan rencana darurat untuk melayani pesawat setelah nya pemasok normal, Aveos Kinerja Armada, operasi dihentikan. Tanpa peringatan, Aveos terkunci 2.300 pekerja, mengajukan kredit perlindungan, dan mengumumkan bahwa mereka secara permanen ditutup badan pesawat yang pemeliharaan operasi. Untungnya, Air Canada memiliki rencana kontingensi di tempat untuk mengubah rute pesawat untuk pemasok di Quebec untuk repairs.7 Pengorganisasian Enterprise Setelah penetapan tujuan dan perencanaan, fungsi utama kedua manajer adalah organisasi. Pengorganisasian adalah pengelompokan sumber daya dan kegiatan untuk mencapai beberapa hasil akhir dengan cara yang efisien dan efektif. Pertimbangkan kasus dari seorang penemu yang menciptakan produk baru dan masuk ke bisnis untuk menjualnya. Pada awalnya, penemu akan melakukan segalanya pada bahan baku sendiri-beli nya, membuat produk, beriklan, menjualnya, dan menyimpan catatan bisnis. Akhirnya, sebagai bisnis tumbuh, penemu akan membutuhkan bantuan. Untuk mulai dengan, ia mungkin menyewa penjualan profesional perwakilan dan pembukuan paruh waktu. Kemudian, mungkin juga diperlukan untuk menyewa penjualan staf, orang-orang untuk membantu dengan produksi, dan akuntan. Sebagai penemu mempekerjakan baru personel, ia harus memutuskan apa yang setiap orang akan lakukan, kepada siapa setiap orang akan melaporkan, dan bagaimana setiap orang terbaik dapat mengambil bagian dalam kegiatan organisasi. Kami membahas ini dan aspek lain dari fungsi pengorganisasian lebih detail dalam Bab 7. Memimpin dan Memotivasi terkemuka The dan fungsi memotivasi berkaitan dengan sumber daya manusia dalam suatu organisasi. Secara khusus, memimpin adalah proses mempengaruhi orang untuk bekerja menuju tujuan bersama. Memotivasi adalah proses memberikan alasan bagi orang untuk bekerja demi kepentingan terbaik dari suatu organisasi. Bersama-sama, memimpin dan memotivasi sering disebut sebagai mengarahkan. Kami telah mencatat pentingnya sumber daya manusia organisasi. Karena pentingnya ini, memimpin dan memotivasi adalah kegiatan penting. Jelas, orang yang berbeda melakukan hal-hal untuk berbagai alasan-yang, mereka memiliki motivasi yang berbeda. Beberapa yang terutama tertarik dalam mendapatkan uang sebanyak yang mereka bisa. Lain mungkin didorong oleh kesempatan untuk dipromosikan. Bagian dari pekerjaan seorang manajer, kemudian, adalah untuk menentukan apa faktor memotivasi pekerja dan mencoba untuk memberikan mereka insentif untuk mendorong efektif kinerja. Jeffrey R. Immelt, ketua dan CEO GE, telah bekerja untuk mengubah GE menjadi pemimpin dalam tema penting terkait dengan perkembangan dunia, seperti pasar negara berkembang, solusi lingkungan, demografi, dan koneksi digital. Ia percaya dalam memberikan kebebasan untuk tim dan ingin mereka untuk datang dengan solusi mereka sendiri. Namun, ia tidak ragu-ragu untuk melakukan intervensi jika situasi menuntut. Ia percaya bahwa utama seorang pemimpin berperan untuk mengajar, dan dia membuat orang merasa bahwa dia bersedia untuk berbagi apa yang telah ia pelajari. Immelt juga meletakkan visi untuk ambisius "inisiatif ecomagination" GE dan telah bernama salah satu "CEO Terbaik di Dunia "tiga kali oleh Barron's.8 Banyak penelitian telah dilakukan pada kedua motivasi dan kepemimpinan. Seperti yang akan Anda lihat dalam Bab 10, penelitian tentang motivasi telah menghasilkan informasi yang sangat berguna. Namun, penelitian tentang kepemimpinan telah kurang berhasil. Meskipun dekade penelitian, belum ada yang menemukan satu set umum pribadi sifat atau karakteristik yang membuat seorang pemimpin yang baik. Kemudian dalam bab ini, kita membahas kepemimpinan secara lebih rinci. 171



























































































































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