©Journal of Sports Science and Medi

©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine (2011) 10, 1 - 8


REVIEW OF RULE MODIFICATION IN SPORT

Jose L. Arias1,, Francisco M. Argudo2, Jose I. Alonso3

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The goal of this qualitative review was to analyze the state of the bibliography about rule modification in sport. In the literature reviewed, there are few studies of rule modification and related aspects. Most studies omit mentioning the purpose of the modifications, but they do refer to the goals of their analysis (improving players' performance, attracting spectators and athletes, attending to commercial pressure, adapting the sport to children’s needs and interests, preventing injuries). Eighty percent of the studies did not report the outcome of the previous modifications they analyzed. More than half of the studies (60%) achieved the proposed goals. Nearly two-thirds (63.83%) analyzed the effect of rule modification on game actions occurring during the game or through a test. Most of the studies (91.5%) did not consult the participants. Three-fourths of the studies (74.46%) examined the effect of rule modification without any knowledge of a previous analysis or without any previous analysis, and 74.47% studied rule modification related to internal logic. Modifications to be introduced in a sport should be analyzed through a reflective process before their final introduction. The following points should be considered: establishing goals, respecting the basic rules without modifying them, becoming familiar with players’ and coaches’ opinions, determining the effect of the modification on a wide spectrum of variables, elaborating useful proposals for the organizations that are responsible for competitions, using more than one type of data, modifying the internal logic and, preferably, the functional rules, and following some basic stages to consolidate rule modification.

Key words: Rule, game, game analysis, game action, economic interest, injury prevention
Key Points
Rule modification involves processes that seek change in the game conditions with a certain goal in mind.
The rules related to internal logic model the game actions that are characteristic of a sport.
Functional rules facilitate achieving the goals.
There are few valid research studies on which to base the modifications.
Modifications in a sport should be validated after a reflective process before they are introduced.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

© Jurnal olahraga Sains dan Kedokteran (2011) 10, 1-8REVIEW DARI ATURAN MODIFIKASI DALAM OLAHRAGAJose L. Arias1,, Francisco M. Argudo2, Jose I. Alonso3Informasi lebih lanjut The goal of this qualitative review was to analyze the state of the bibliography about rule modification in sport. In the literature reviewed, there are few studies of rule modification and related aspects. Most studies omit mentioning the purpose of the modifications, but they do refer to the goals of their analysis (improving players' performance, attracting spectators and athletes, attending to commercial pressure, adapting the sport to children’s needs and interests, preventing injuries). Eighty percent of the studies did not report the outcome of the previous modifications they analyzed. More than half of the studies (60%) achieved the proposed goals. Nearly two-thirds (63.83%) analyzed the effect of rule modification on game actions occurring during the game or through a test. Most of the studies (91.5%) did not consult the participants. Three-fourths of the studies (74.46%) examined the effect of rule modification without any knowledge of a previous analysis or without any previous analysis, and 74.47% studied rule modification related to internal logic. Modifications to be introduced in a sport should be analyzed through a reflective process before their final introduction. The following points should be considered: establishing goals, respecting the basic rules without modifying them, becoming familiar with players’ and coaches’ opinions, determining the effect of the modification on a wide spectrum of variables, elaborating useful proposals for the organizations that are responsible for competitions, using more than one type of data, modifying the internal logic and, preferably, the functional rules, and following some basic stages to consolidate rule modification.Key words: Rule, game, game analysis, game action, economic interest, injury preventionKey PointsRule modification involves processes that seek change in the game conditions with a certain goal in mind.The rules related to internal logic model the game actions that are characteristic of a sport.Functional rules facilitate achieving the goals.There are few valid research studies on which to base the modifications.Modifications in a sport should be validated after a reflective process before they are introduced.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

© Jurnal Ilmu Olahraga dan Kedokteran (2011) 10, 1-8 REVIEW PERATURAN MODIFIKASI DI SPORT Jose L. Arias1 ,, Francisco M. Argudo2, Jose I. Alonso3 Informasi Lebih Tujuan dari ulasan ini kualitatif adalah untuk menganalisis keadaan bibliografi tentang aturan modifikasi dalam olahraga. Dalam literatur Ulasan, ada beberapa studi pemerintahan modifikasi dan aspek terkait. Kebanyakan penelitian menghilangkan menyebutkan tujuan dari modifikasi, tetapi mereka mengacu pada tujuan analisis mereka (meningkatkan kinerja pemain, menarik penonton dan atlet, menghadiri tekanan komersial, mengadaptasi olahraga dengan kebutuhan dan minat anak-anak, mencegah cedera). Delapan puluh persen dari studi tidak melaporkan hasil dari modifikasi sebelumnya mereka dianalisis. Lebih dari setengah dari studi (60%) mencapai tujuan yang diusulkan. Hampir dua pertiga (63,83%) menganalisis pengaruh modifikasi aturan tindakan permainan terjadi selama pertandingan atau melalui tes. Sebagian besar penelitian (91,5%) tidak berkonsultasi dengan peserta. Tiga-perempat dari studi (74,46%) meneliti efek dari modifikasi aturan tanpa pengetahuan dari analisis sebelumnya atau tanpa analisis sebelumnya, dan 74,47% mempelajari aturan modifikasi yang berkaitan dengan logika internal. Modifikasi yang akan diperkenalkan di olahraga harus dianalisis melalui proses reflektif sebelum pengenalan akhir mereka. Poin-poin berikut harus dipertimbangkan: menetapkan tujuan, menghormati aturan dasar tanpa memodifikasi mereka, menjadi akrab dengan pemain dan pelatih 'pendapat, menentukan efek dari modifikasi pada spektrum yang luas dari variabel, menguraikan proposal berguna untuk organisasi yang bertanggung jawab untuk kompetisi, menggunakan lebih dari satu jenis data, memodifikasi logika internal dan, sebaiknya, peraturan fungsional, dan mengikuti beberapa tahap dasar untuk mengkonsolidasikan modifikasi aturan. Kata kunci: Aturan, permainan, analisis permainan, game action, kepentingan ekonomi, cedera pencegahan Kunci Peraturan modifikasi melibatkan proses yang mencari perubahan dalam kondisi permainan dengan tujuan tertentu dalam pikiran. Aturan yang berkaitan dengan model logika internal tindakan permainan yang merupakan ciri khas dari olahraga. aturan Fungsional memfasilitasi mencapai tujuan. Ada beberapa penelitian yang valid Studi yang menjadi dasar modifikasi. Modifikasi dalam olahraga harus divalidasi setelah proses reflektif sebelum mereka diperkenalkan.