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The strategic-management process can best be studied and applied using a model. Everymodel represents some kind of process. The framework illustrated in Figure 1-1 is a widelyaccepted, comprehensive model of the strategic-management process.13 This model doesnot guarantee success, but it does represent a clear and practical approach for formulating,implementing, and evaluating strategies. Relationships among major components of thestrategic-management process are shown in the model, which appears in all subsequent chapters with appropriate areas shaped to show the particular focus of each chapter. Theseare three important questions to answer in developing a strategic plan:Where are we now?Where do we want to go?How are we going to get there?Identifying an organization’s existing vision, mission, objectives, and strategies is thelogical starting point for strategic management because a firm’s present situation and conditionmay preclude certain strategies and may even dictate a particular course of action.Every organization has a vision, mission, objectives, and strategy, even if these elementsare not consciously designed, written, or communicated. The answer to where an organizationis going can be determined largely by where the organization has been!The strategic-management process is dynamic and continuous. A change in any oneof the major components in the model can necessitate a change in any or all of the othercomponents. For instance, a shift in the economy could represent a major opportunity andrequire a change in long-term objectives and strategies; a failure to accomplish annualobjectives could require a change in policy; or a major competitor’s change in strategy could require a change in the firm’s mission. Therefore, strategy formulation, implementation,and evaluation activities should be performed on a continual basis, not just at the endof the year or semiannually. The strategic-management process never really ends.Note in the strategic-management model that business ethics/social responsibility/environmental sustainability issues impact all activities in the model as described in full inChapter 10. Also, note in the model that global/international issues also impact virtually allstrategic decisions today, even for small firms, as described in detail in Chapter 11. (BothChapter 10 and Chapter 11 are new to this edition.)The strategic-management process is not as cleanly divided and neatly performed inpractice as the strategic-management model suggests. Strategists do not go through theprocess in lockstep fashion. Generally, there is give-and-take among hierarchical levels of anorganization. Many organizations semiannually conduct formal meetings to discuss andupdate the firm’s vision/mission, opportunities/threats, strengths/weaknesses, strategies,objectives, policies, and performance. These meetings are commonly held off-premises andare called retreats. The rationale for periodically conducting strategic-management meetingsaway from the work site is to encourage more creativity and candor from participants. Goodcommunication and feedback are needed throughout the strategic-management process.Application of the strategic-management process is typically more formal in largerand well-established organizations. Formality refers to the extent that participants, responsibilities,authority, duties, and approach are specified. Smaller businesses tend to be lessformal. Firms that compete in complex, rapidly changing environments, such as technologycompanies, tend to be more formal in strategic planning. Firms that have manydivisions, products, markets, and technologies also tend to be more formal in applyingstrategic-management concepts. Greater formality in applying the strategic-managementprocess is usually positively associated with the cost, comprehensiveness, accuracy, andsuccess of planning across all types and sizes of organizations.
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