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The strategic-management process ca

The strategic-management process can best be studied and applied using a model. Every
model represents some kind of process. The framework illustrated in Figure 1-1 is a widely
accepted, comprehensive model of the strategic-management process.13 This model does
not guarantee success, but it does represent a clear and practical approach for formulating,
implementing, and evaluating strategies. Relationships among major components of the
strategic-management process are shown in the model, which appears in all subsequent
chapters with appropriate areas shaped to show the particular focus of each chapter. These
are three important questions to answer in developing a strategic plan:
Where are we now?
Where do we want to go?
How are we going to get there?
Identifying an organization’s existing vision, mission, objectives, and strategies is the
logical starting point for strategic management because a firm’s present situation and condition
may preclude certain strategies and may even dictate a particular course of action.
Every organization has a vision, mission, objectives, and strategy, even if these elements
are not consciously designed, written, or communicated. The answer to where an organization
is going can be determined largely by where the organization has been!
The strategic-management process is dynamic and continuous. A change in any one
of the major components in the model can necessitate a change in any or all of the other
components. For instance, a shift in the economy could represent a major opportunity and
require a change in long-term objectives and strategies; a failure to accomplish annual
objectives could require a change in policy; or a major competitor’s change in strategy could require a change in the firm’s mission. Therefore, strategy formulation, implementation,
and evaluation activities should be performed on a continual basis, not just at the end
of the year or semiannually. The strategic-management process never really ends.
Note in the strategic-management model that business ethics/social responsibility/
environmental sustainability issues impact all activities in the model as described in full in
Chapter 10. Also, note in the model that global/international issues also impact virtually all
strategic decisions today, even for small firms, as described in detail in Chapter 11. (Both
Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 are new to this edition.)
The strategic-management process is not as cleanly divided and neatly performed in
practice as the strategic-management model suggests. Strategists do not go through the
process in lockstep fashion. Generally, there is give-and-take among hierarchical levels of an
organization. Many organizations semiannually conduct formal meetings to discuss and
update the firm’s vision/mission, opportunities/threats, strengths/weaknesses, strategies,
objectives, policies, and performance. These meetings are commonly held off-premises and
are called retreats. The rationale for periodically conducting strategic-management meetings
away from the work site is to encourage more creativity and candor from participants. Good
communication and feedback are needed throughout the strategic-management process.
Application of the strategic-management process is typically more formal in larger
and well-established organizations. Formality refers to the extent that participants, responsibilities,
authority, duties, and approach are specified. Smaller businesses tend to be less
formal. Firms that compete in complex, rapidly changing environments, such as technology
companies, tend to be more formal in strategic planning. Firms that have many
divisions, products, markets, and technologies also tend to be more formal in applying
strategic-management concepts. Greater formality in applying the strategic-management
process is usually positively associated with the cost, comprehensiveness, accuracy, and
success of planning across all types and sizes of organizations.
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The strategic-management process can best be studied and applied using a model. Everymodel represents some kind of process. The framework illustrated in Figure 1-1 is a widelyaccepted, comprehensive model of the strategic-management process.13 This model doesnot guarantee success, but it does represent a clear and practical approach for formulating,implementing, and evaluating strategies. Relationships among major components of thestrategic-management process are shown in the model, which appears in all subsequent chapters with appropriate areas shaped to show the particular focus of each chapter. Theseare three important questions to answer in developing a strategic plan:Where are we now?Where do we want to go?How are we going to get there?Identifying an organization’s existing vision, mission, objectives, and strategies is thelogical starting point for strategic management because a firm’s present situation and conditionmay preclude certain strategies and may even dictate a particular course of action.Every organization has a vision, mission, objectives, and strategy, even if these elementsare not consciously designed, written, or communicated. The answer to where an organizationis going can be determined largely by where the organization has been!The strategic-management process is dynamic and continuous. A change in any oneof the major components in the model can necessitate a change in any or all of the othercomponents. For instance, a shift in the economy could represent a major opportunity andrequire a change in long-term objectives and strategies; a failure to accomplish annualobjectives could require a change in policy; or a major competitor’s change in strategy could require a change in the firm’s mission. Therefore, strategy formulation, implementation,and evaluation activities should be performed on a continual basis, not just at the endof the year or semiannually. The strategic-management process never really ends.Note in the strategic-management model that business ethics/social responsibility/environmental sustainability issues impact all activities in the model as described in full inChapter 10. Also, note in the model that global/international issues also impact virtually allstrategic decisions today, even for small firms, as described in detail in Chapter 11. (BothChapter 10 and Chapter 11 are new to this edition.)The strategic-management process is not as cleanly divided and neatly performed inpractice as the strategic-management model suggests. Strategists do not go through theprocess in lockstep fashion. Generally, there is give-and-take among hierarchical levels of anorganization. Many organizations semiannually conduct formal meetings to discuss andupdate the firm’s vision/mission, opportunities/threats, strengths/weaknesses, strategies,objectives, policies, and performance. These meetings are commonly held off-premises andare called retreats. The rationale for periodically conducting strategic-management meetingsaway from the work site is to encourage more creativity and candor from participants. Goodcommunication and feedback are needed throughout the strategic-management process.Application of the strategic-management process is typically more formal in largerand well-established organizations. Formality refers to the extent that participants, responsibilities,authority, duties, and approach are specified. Smaller businesses tend to be lessformal. Firms that compete in complex, rapidly changing environments, such as technologycompanies, tend to be more formal in strategic planning. Firms that have manydivisions, products, markets, and technologies also tend to be more formal in applyingstrategic-management concepts. Greater formality in applying the strategic-managementprocess is usually positively associated with the cost, comprehensiveness, accuracy, andsuccess of planning across all types and sizes of organizations.
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Proses strategis manajemen terbaik dapat dipelajari dan diterapkan menggunakan model. Setiap
model yang mewakili beberapa jenis proses. Kerangka diilustrasikan pada Gambar 1-1 adalah luas
diterima, model komprehensif dari process.13 strategis manajemen Model ini tidak
tidak menjamin keberhasilan, tetapi tidak mewakili pendekatan yang jelas dan praktis untuk merumuskan,
melaksanakan, dan mengevaluasi strategi. Hubungan antara komponen utama dari
proses strategis manajemen ditunjukkan dalam model, yang muncul dalam semua berikutnya
bab dengan daerah yang sesuai dibentuk untuk menunjukkan fokus khusus setiap bab. Ini
adalah tiga pertanyaan penting untuk menjawab dalam mengembangkan rencana
strategis:? Di mana kita
sekarang? Di mana kita ingin pergi? Bagaimana kita akan ke sana Mengidentifikasi visi yang ada organisasi, misi, tujuan, dan strategi adalah titik awal yang logis untuk manajemen strategis karena situasi sekarang perusahaan dan kondisi dapat menghalangi strategi tertentu dan bahkan mungkin mendikte tindakan tertentu. Setiap organisasi memiliki visi, misi, tujuan, dan strategi, bahkan jika unsur ini tidak sadar dirancang, ditulis, atau dikomunikasikan . Jawaban di mana sebuah organisasi akan dapat ditentukan terutama oleh mana organisasi telah! Proses strategis manajemen adalah dinamis dan berkesinambungan. Perubahan salah satu komponen utama dalam model dapat memerlukan perubahan dalam salah satu atau semua yang lain komponen. Misalnya, pergeseran ekonomi bisa mewakili peluang besar dan memerlukan perubahan dalam tujuan dan strategi jangka panjang; kegagalan untuk mencapai tahunan tujuan bisa memerlukan perubahan kebijakan; atau perubahan pesaing utama dalam strategi bisa memerlukan perubahan dalam misi perusahaan. Oleh karena itu, perumusan strategi, implementasi, dan evaluasi kegiatan harus dilakukan secara terus menerus, bukan hanya pada akhir tahun atau semester. Proses strategis manajemen pernah benar-benar berakhir. Catatan dalam model strategis manajemen yang etika bisnis / tanggung jawab sosial / dampak isu kelestarian lingkungan semua kegiatan dalam model seperti yang dijelaskan dalam penuh dalam Bab 10. Juga, catatan dalam model yang global yang / internasional masalah juga berdampak hampir semua keputusan strategis saat ini, bahkan untuk perusahaan kecil, seperti yang dijelaskan secara rinci dalam Bab 11. (Kedua Bab 10 dan Bab 11 baru untuk edisi ini.) Proses strategis manajemen tidak secara bersih dibagi dan rapi dilakukan di berlatih sebagai model strategis manajemen menyarankan. Strategi tidak pergi melalui proses berbaris fashion. Umumnya, ada memberi dan mengambil antara tingkat hirarki dari sebuah organisasi. Banyak organisasi semester melakukan pertemuan formal untuk membahas dan memperbarui perusahaan visi / misi, peluang / ancaman, kekuatan / kelemahan, strategi, tujuan, kebijakan, dan kinerja. Pertemuan-pertemuan ini biasanya menahan lokal dan disebut retret. Dasar pemikiran untuk melakukan pertemuan strategis manajemen berkala jauh dari tempat kerja adalah untuk mendorong kreativitas dan kejujuran dari para peserta. Baik komunikasi dan umpan balik yang diperlukan selama proses strategis manajemen. Penerapan proses strategis manajemen biasanya lebih formal di besar organisasi dan mapan. Formalitas mengacu pada sejauh peserta, tanggung jawab, wewenang, tugas, dan pendekatan yang ditentukan. Usaha kecil cenderung kurang formal. Perusahaan yang bersaing dalam kompleks, cepat berubah lingkungan, seperti teknologi perusahaan, cenderung lebih formal dalam perencanaan strategis. Perusahaan yang memiliki banyak divisi, produk, pasar, dan teknologi juga cenderung lebih formal dalam menerapkan konsep-konsep strategis manajemen. Formalitas yang lebih besar dalam menerapkan strategi-manajemen proses biasanya positif terkait dengan biaya, kelengkapan, akurasi, dan keberhasilan perencanaan di semua jenis dan ukuran organisasi.




































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