This last consideration brings us to a second principle that is a nece terjemahan - This last consideration brings us to a second principle that is a nece Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

This last consideration brings us t

This last consideration brings us to a second principle that is a necessary feature of anything that can count as a moral theory, another principle that, I maintain, any philosopher would accept: the principle of respect for persons as ends in themselves. This is distinct from the principle of fairness, although very closely related, in that the former simply maintains that all people should be treated the same except where there are relevant differences, whereas the principle of respect for persons (shorthand for ‘recognizing and treating people as ends in themselves’) maintains not that they should be treated the same in general, but that, more specifically, they are all equally to be recognized as autonomous beings who cannot be treated as if they were material objects or as a means to other people’s ends.
Some readers, while sharing the sentiment that all human beings should be considered as ends in themselves rather than as a means to somebody else’s purpose or gratification, may reasonably say that very obviously this principle is not universally recognized: from the explicit belief of the Nazis that various categories of person (e.g. Jews, gypsies, homosexuals) were not human and did not count as ends in themselves, to the less explicit but quite widespread view that various individuals or groups are beyond the pale (e.g. gypsies again, street people, drug addicts), there is surely evidence that this is not a principle that everybody accepts.
Generally speaking, the fact that a person or group denies a claim should not be taken as sufficient to establish its falsity, or even as directly relevant to the question of whether the claim is true. The fact that some people believe that the earth is flat has no bearing on that fact that it is not. It is true that it is part of my argument that there are certain basic claims about morality that nobody denies. But in this case, it is not clear that they would deny it, if they fully understood the issue. Second, the claim is not that every human being must share this view, but that historically all philosophers have either shared it explicitly or would have if pressed to consider the issue. Third, the real question is whether, on reflection, the reader shares this view. In other words, the key question is whether you, the reader, acknowledge that, on reflection, part of what you understand by a moral world is one in which no person or group of people can be assumed to be mere means for the use of others. Even slave owners attempted to justify their practice by some reasoning, not simply by asserting that some people are mere means. Even the Nazis went to the trouble of inventing claims about Jews, to justify their actions. They did not simply say: it is self-evident that we can use Jews as means to our ends if we want.
Nor should we allow the issue to be clouded by the fact that sometimes we do, whether we like it or not, whether we admit it or not, feel antipathy to people or argue that they have forfeited their right to certain kinds of consideration. Of course, if a man is a serial rapist, we can both abhor him and treat him differently from others; that is entirely in accord with fairness and with respect for persons as a principle. What the principle requires of us is that prior to discovering that somebody has offended in some way we assume his equal right to be treated as an end in himself, and that when we do recognize somebody as deserving of some kind of penalty or punishment, we nonetheless acknowledge that all the same he is not a mere means to our ends, a chattel for our use.
A principle of freedom is a third inevitable part of anything that is going to count as a moral theory. There are people who unreflectively assume that being moral consists simply in obeying certain precepts. But even they would surely recognize, if pressed, the distinction between following these precepts freely, by choice, and following them when threatened or forced to do so. This is a recognition of the fundamental point that part of what it means to act morally (regardless of the particular moral code you subscribe to) is to act freely, to act because you see it as your duty and not simply for hope of some reward or to avoid some pain. Even those who believe that there will be a necessary reward in Heaven, and who therefore to a degree may be said to be motivated by reward, know full well that even in terms of their own faith it is insufficient to act purely for the sake of that reward: one must also freely choose to act in this way because it is good.
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This last consideration brings us to a second principle that is a necessary feature of anything that can count as a moral theory, another principle that, I maintain, any philosopher would accept: the principle of respect for persons as ends in themselves. This is distinct from the principle of fairness, although very closely related, in that the former simply maintains that all people should be treated the same except where there are relevant differences, whereas the principle of respect for persons (shorthand for ‘recognizing and treating people as ends in themselves’) maintains not that they should be treated the same in general, but that, more specifically, they are all equally to be recognized as autonomous beings who cannot be treated as if they were material objects or as a means to other people’s ends.Some readers, while sharing the sentiment that all human beings should be considered as ends in themselves rather than as a means to somebody else’s purpose or gratification, may reasonably say that very obviously this principle is not universally recognized: from the explicit belief of the Nazis that various categories of person (e.g. Jews, gypsies, homosexuals) were not human and did not count as ends in themselves, to the less explicit but quite widespread view that various individuals or groups are beyond the pale (e.g. gypsies again, street people, drug addicts), there is surely evidence that this is not a principle that everybody accepts.Generally speaking, the fact that a person or group denies a claim should not be taken as sufficient to establish its falsity, or even as directly relevant to the question of whether the claim is true. The fact that some people believe that the earth is flat has no bearing on that fact that it is not. It is true that it is part of my argument that there are certain basic claims about morality that nobody denies. But in this case, it is not clear that they would deny it, if they fully understood the issue. Second, the claim is not that every human being must share this view, but that historically all philosophers have either shared it explicitly or would have if pressed to consider the issue. Third, the real question is whether, on reflection, the reader shares this view. In other words, the key question is whether you, the reader, acknowledge that, on reflection, part of what you understand by a moral world is one in which no person or group of people can be assumed to be mere means for the use of others. Even slave owners attempted to justify their practice by some reasoning, not simply by asserting that some people are mere means. Even the Nazis went to the trouble of inventing claims about Jews, to justify their actions. They did not simply say: it is self-evident that we can use Jews as means to our ends if we want.Nor should we allow the issue to be clouded by the fact that sometimes we do, whether we like it or not, whether we admit it or not, feel antipathy to people or argue that they have forfeited their right to certain kinds of consideration. Of course, if a man is a serial rapist, we can both abhor him and treat him differently from others; that is entirely in accord with fairness and with respect for persons as a principle. What the principle requires of us is that prior to discovering that somebody has offended in some way we assume his equal right to be treated as an end in himself, and that when we do recognize somebody as deserving of some kind of penalty or punishment, we nonetheless acknowledge that all the same he is not a mere means to our ends, a chattel for our use.A principle of freedom is a third inevitable part of anything that is going to count as a moral theory. There are people who unreflectively assume that being moral consists simply in obeying certain precepts. But even they would surely recognize, if pressed, the distinction between following these precepts freely, by choice, and following them when threatened or forced to do so. This is a recognition of the fundamental point that part of what it means to act morally (regardless of the particular moral code you subscribe to) is to act freely, to act because you see it as your duty and not simply for hope of some reward or to avoid some pain. Even those who believe that there will be a necessary reward in Heaven, and who therefore to a degree may be said to be motivated by reward, know full well that even in terms of their own faith it is insufficient to act purely for the sake of that reward: one must also freely choose to act in this way because it is good.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Pertimbangan terakhir ini membawa kita ke prinsip kedua yang merupakan fitur penting dari apa pun yang dapat dianggap sebagai teori moral, prinsip lain yang, saya menjaga, filsuf pun akan menerima: prinsip menghormati orang sebagai tujuan itu sendiri. Hal ini berbeda dari prinsip keadilan, meskipun sangat erat kaitannya, di bahwa mantan hanya menyatakan bahwa semua orang harus diperlakukan sama kecuali ada perbedaan yang relevan, sedangkan prinsip menghormati orang (singkatan untuk 'mengakui dan memperlakukan orang sebagai tujuan itu sendiri ') menyatakan tidak bahwa mereka harus diperlakukan sama secara umum, tetapi, lebih khusus, mereka semua sama-sama diakui sebagai makhluk otonom yang tidak dapat diperlakukan seolah-olah mereka adalah benda-benda atau sebagai sarana untuk lainnya . orang berakhir
Beberapa pembaca, sementara berbagi sentimen bahwa semua manusia harus dianggap sebagai tujuan itu sendiri dan bukan sebagai sarana untuk orang lain tujuan atau gratifikasi, cukup mungkin mengatakan bahwa sangat jelas prinsip ini tidak diakui secara universal: dari kepercayaan eksplisit Nazi yang berbagai kategori orang (misalnya orang-orang Yahudi, Gipsi, homoseksual) bukan manusia dan tidak dianggap sebagai tujuan itu sendiri, pandangan kurang eksplisit tapi cukup luas bahwa berbagai individu atau kelompok yang di luar batas (misalnya gipsi lagi, orang-orang jalanan, pecandu narkoba), pasti ada bukti bahwa ini bukan sebuah prinsip bahwa setiap orang menerima.
Secara umum, fakta bahwa seseorang atau kelompok menyangkal klaim tidak harus diambil sebagai cukup untuk menetapkan kepalsuan nya, atau bahkan secara langsung relevan untuk pertanyaan apakah klaim itu benar. Fakta bahwa beberapa orang percaya bahwa bumi itu datar tidak memiliki bantalan pada fakta bahwa tidak. Memang benar bahwa itu adalah bagian dari argumen saya bahwa ada klaim dasar tertentu tentang moralitas yang tidak ada menyangkal. Tapi dalam kasus ini, tidak jelas bahwa mereka akan menyangkalnya, jika mereka benar-benar memahami masalah ini. Kedua, klaim tersebut tidak bahwa setiap manusia harus berbagi pandangan ini, tapi itu secara historis semua filsuf baik bersama secara eksplisit atau akan memiliki jika ditekan untuk mempertimbangkan masalah ini. Ketiga, pertanyaan sesungguhnya adalah apakah, pada refleksi, saham pembaca pandangan ini. Dalam kata lain, pertanyaan kunci adalah apakah Anda, pembaca, mengakui bahwa, pada refleksi, bagian dari apa yang Anda mengerti dengan dunia moral adalah satu di mana tidak ada orang atau sekelompok orang dapat diasumsikan berarti hanya untuk penggunaan lain. Bahkan pemilik budak berusaha untuk membenarkan praktek mereka oleh beberapa alasan, tidak hanya dengan menegaskan bahwa beberapa orang hanya berarti. Bahkan Nazi pergi ke kesulitan menciptakan klaim tentang orang-orang Yahudi, untuk membenarkan tindakan mereka. Mereka tidak hanya mengatakan: itu adalah jelas bahwa kita bisa menggunakan orang-orang Yahudi sebagai sarana untuk tujuan kita jika kita ingin.
Jangan pula kita membiarkan masalah yang akan tertutup oleh fakta bahwa kadang-kadang kita lakukan, apakah kita suka atau tidak, apakah kita mengakuinya atau tidak, merasa antipati terhadap orang atau berpendapat bahwa mereka telah kehilangan hak mereka untuk beberapa jenis pertimbangan. Tentu saja, jika seorang pria pemerkosa serial, kita berdua bisa membenci dia dan memperlakukan dia secara berbeda dari orang lain; yang sepenuhnya sesuai dengan keadilan dan menghormati orang sebagai prinsip. Apa prinsip dituntut dari kita adalah bahwa sebelum menemukan bahwa seseorang telah tersinggung dalam beberapa cara kita asumsikan hak yang sama untuk diperlakukan sebagai tujuan pada dirinya sendiri, dan bahwa ketika kita mengenali seseorang sebagai layak dari beberapa jenis hukuman atau hukuman, kita tetap mengakui bahwa semua sama dia bukan sekedar alat untuk tujuan kami, harta untuk kita gunakan.
Prinsip kebebasan adalah bagian tak terelakkan sepertiga dari apa pun yang akan dihitung sebagai teori moral. Ada orang yang menganggap bahwa unreflectively menjadi moral yang terdiri hanya dalam mematuhi ajaran tertentu. Tetapi bahkan mereka pasti akan mengakui, jika ditekan, perbedaan antara mengikuti ajaran ini bebas, karena pilihan, dan mengikuti mereka ketika terancam atau dipaksa untuk melakukannya. Ini adalah pengakuan dari titik mendasar yang bagian dari apa artinya bertindak secara moral (terlepas dari kode moral tertentu Anda berlangganan) adalah bertindak secara bebas, untuk bertindak karena Anda melihatnya sebagai tugas Anda dan tidak hanya untuk harapan beberapa hadiah atau untuk menghindari rasa sakit. Bahkan mereka yang percaya bahwa akan ada hadiah yang diperlukan di Surga, dan yang karena itu untuk gelar dapat dikatakan termotivasi oleh reward, tahu benar bahwa bahkan dalam hal iman mereka sendiri itu tidak cukup untuk bertindak semata-mata untuk kepentingan hadiah itu: kita juga harus bebas memilih untuk bertindak dengan cara ini karena itu baik.
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