What about Japan?If we explore Japanese culture through the lens of th terjemahan - What about Japan?If we explore Japanese culture through the lens of th Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

What about Japan?If we explore Japa


What about Japan?

If we explore Japanese culture through the lens of the 6-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of Japanese culture relative to other world cultures.

Power distance
This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

At an intermediate score of 54, Japan is a borderline hierarchical society. Yes, Japanese are always conscious of their hierarchical position in any social setting and act accordingly. However, it is not as hierarchical as most of the other Asian cultures. Some foreigners experience Japan as extremely hierarchical because of their business experience of painstakingly slow decision making process: all the decisions must be confirmed by each hierarchical layer and finally by the top management in Tokyo. Paradoxically, the exact example of their slow decision making process shows that in Japanese society there is no one top guy who can take decision like in more hierarchical societies. Another example of not so high power distance is that Japan has always been a meritocratic society. There is a strong notion in the Japanese education system that everybody is born equal and anyone can get ahead and become anything if he (yes, it is still he) works hard enough.

Individualism
The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether people´s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “We”. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchange for loyalty.

Japan scores 46 on the Individualism dimension. Certainly Japanese society shows many of the characteristics of a collectivistic society: such as putting harmony of group above the expression of individual opinions and people have a strong sense of shame for losing face. However, it is not as collectivistic as most of her Asian neighbours. The most popular explanation for this is that Japanese society does not have extended family system which forms a base of more collectivistic societies such as China and Korea. Japan has been a paternalistic society and the family name and asset was inherited from father to the eldest son. The younger siblings had to leave home and make their own living with their core families. One seemingly paradoxal example is that Japanese are famous for their loyalty to their companies, while Chinese seem to job hop more easily. However, company loyalty is something which people have chosen for themselves, which is an individualistic thing to do. You could say that the Japanese in-group is situational. While in more collectivistic culture, people are loyal to their inner group by birth, such as their extended family and their local community. Japanese are experienced as collectivistic by Western standards and experienced as individualistic by Asian standards. They are more private and reserved than most other Asians.

Masculinity
A high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour.

A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).

At 95, Japan is one of the most masculine societies in the world. However, in combination with their mild collectivism, you do not see assertive and competitive individual behaviors which we often associate with masculine culture. What you see is a severe competition between groups. From very young age at kindergartens, children learn to compete on sports day for their groups (traditionally red team against white team).
In corporate Japan, you see that employees are most motivated when they are fighting in a winning team against their competitors. What you also see as an expression of masculinity in Japan is the drive for excellence and perfection in their material production (monodukuri) and in material services (hotels and restaurants) and presentation (gift wrapping and food presentation) in every aspect of life. Notorious Japanese workaholism is another expression of their masculinity. It is still hard for women to climb up the corporate ladders in Japan with their masculine norm of hard and long working hours.

Uncertainty avoidance
The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score.

At 92 Japan is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries on earth. This is often attributed to the fact that Japan is constantly threatened by natural disasters from earthquakes, tsunamis (this is a Japanese word used internationally), typhoons to volcano eruptions. Under these circumstances Japanese learned to prepare themselves for any uncertain situation. This goes not only for the emergency plan and precautions for sudden natural disasters but also for every other aspects of society. You could say that in Japan anything you do is prescribed for maximum predictability. From cradle to grave, life is highly ritualized and you have a lot of ceremonies. For example, there is opening and closing ceremonies of every school year which are conducted almost exactly the same way everywhere in Japan. At weddings, funerals and other important social events, what people wear and how people should behave are prescribed in great detail in etiquette books. School teachers and public servants are reluctant to do things without precedence. In corporate Japan, a lot of time and effort is put into feasibility studies and all the risk factors must be worked out before any project can start. Managers ask for all the detailed facts and figures before taking any decision. This high need for uncertainty avoidance is one of the reasons why changes are so difficult to realize in Japan.

Long Term Orientation

This dimension describes howevery society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future, and societies prioritise these two existential goals differently. Normative societies who score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future.

At 88 Japan scores as one of the most Long Term Orientation oriented societies. Japanese see their life as a very short moment in a long history of mankind. From this perspective, some kind of fatalism is not strange to the Japanese. You do your best in your life time and that is all what you can do. Notion of the one and only almighty God is not familiar to Japanese. People live their lives guided by virtues and practical good examples. In corporate Japan, you see long term orientation in the constantly high rate of investment in R&D even in economically difficult times, higher own capital rate, priority to steady growth of market share rather than to a quarterly profit, and so on. They all serve the durability of the companies. The idea behind it is that the companies are not here to make money every quarter for the share holders, but to serve the stake holders and society at large for many generations to come (e.g. Matsuhista).

Indulgence

One challenge that confronts humanity, now and in the past, is the degree to which little children are socialized. Without socialization we do not become “human”. This dimension is defined as the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised. Relatively weak control is called “indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “restraint”. Cultures can, therefore, be described as indulgent or restrained.

Japan, with a low score of 42, is shown to have a culture of restraint. Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to indulgent societies, restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are restrained by social norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong.

Scores of countries marked with an asterisk (*) are - partially or fully - based on an educated guess derived from data representing similar countries in combination with our practitioner experience. The scores for these country are not derived from proper comparative academic research. For the list of official scores see Geert Hofstede's private website.
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What about Japan?

If we explore Japanese culture through the lens of the 6-D Model, we can get a good overview of the deep drivers of Japanese culture relative to other world cultures.

Power distance
This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.

At an intermediate score of 54, Japan is a borderline hierarchical society. Yes, Japanese are always conscious of their hierarchical position in any social setting and act accordingly. However, it is not as hierarchical as most of the other Asian cultures. Some foreigners experience Japan as extremely hierarchical because of their business experience of painstakingly slow decision making process: all the decisions must be confirmed by each hierarchical layer and finally by the top management in Tokyo. Paradoxically, the exact example of their slow decision making process shows that in Japanese society there is no one top guy who can take decision like in more hierarchical societies. Another example of not so high power distance is that Japan has always been a meritocratic society. There is a strong notion in the Japanese education system that everybody is born equal and anyone can get ahead and become anything if he (yes, it is still he) works hard enough.

Individualism
The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether people´s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “We”. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchange for loyalty.

Japan scores 46 on the Individualism dimension. Certainly Japanese society shows many of the characteristics of a collectivistic society: such as putting harmony of group above the expression of individual opinions and people have a strong sense of shame for losing face. However, it is not as collectivistic as most of her Asian neighbours. The most popular explanation for this is that Japanese society does not have extended family system which forms a base of more collectivistic societies such as China and Korea. Japan has been a paternalistic society and the family name and asset was inherited from father to the eldest son. The younger siblings had to leave home and make their own living with their core families. One seemingly paradoxal example is that Japanese are famous for their loyalty to their companies, while Chinese seem to job hop more easily. However, company loyalty is something which people have chosen for themselves, which is an individualistic thing to do. You could say that the Japanese in-group is situational. While in more collectivistic culture, people are loyal to their inner group by birth, such as their extended family and their local community. Japanese are experienced as collectivistic by Western standards and experienced as individualistic by Asian standards. They are more private and reserved than most other Asians.

Masculinity
A high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner / best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organisational behaviour.

A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).

At 95, Japan is one of the most masculine societies in the world. However, in combination with their mild collectivism, you do not see assertive and competitive individual behaviors which we often associate with masculine culture. What you see is a severe competition between groups. From very young age at kindergartens, children learn to compete on sports day for their groups (traditionally red team against white team).
In corporate Japan, you see that employees are most motivated when they are fighting in a winning team against their competitors. What you also see as an expression of masculinity in Japan is the drive for excellence and perfection in their material production (monodukuri) and in material services (hotels and restaurants) and presentation (gift wrapping and food presentation) in every aspect of life. Notorious Japanese workaholism is another expression of their masculinity. It is still hard for women to climb up the corporate ladders in Japan with their masculine norm of hard and long working hours.

Uncertainty avoidance
The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score.

At 92 Japan is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries on earth. This is often attributed to the fact that Japan is constantly threatened by natural disasters from earthquakes, tsunamis (this is a Japanese word used internationally), typhoons to volcano eruptions. Under these circumstances Japanese learned to prepare themselves for any uncertain situation. This goes not only for the emergency plan and precautions for sudden natural disasters but also for every other aspects of society. You could say that in Japan anything you do is prescribed for maximum predictability. From cradle to grave, life is highly ritualized and you have a lot of ceremonies. For example, there is opening and closing ceremonies of every school year which are conducted almost exactly the same way everywhere in Japan. At weddings, funerals and other important social events, what people wear and how people should behave are prescribed in great detail in etiquette books. School teachers and public servants are reluctant to do things without precedence. In corporate Japan, a lot of time and effort is put into feasibility studies and all the risk factors must be worked out before any project can start. Managers ask for all the detailed facts and figures before taking any decision. This high need for uncertainty avoidance is one of the reasons why changes are so difficult to realize in Japan.

Long Term Orientation

This dimension describes howevery society has to maintain some links with its own past while dealing with the challenges of the present and future, and societies prioritise these two existential goals differently. Normative societies who score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. Those with a culture which scores high, on the other hand, take a more pragmatic approach: they encourage thrift and efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future.

At 88 Japan scores as one of the most Long Term Orientation oriented societies. Japanese see their life as a very short moment in a long history of mankind. From this perspective, some kind of fatalism is not strange to the Japanese. You do your best in your life time and that is all what you can do. Notion of the one and only almighty God is not familiar to Japanese. People live their lives guided by virtues and practical good examples. In corporate Japan, you see long term orientation in the constantly high rate of investment in R&D even in economically difficult times, higher own capital rate, priority to steady growth of market share rather than to a quarterly profit, and so on. They all serve the durability of the companies. The idea behind it is that the companies are not here to make money every quarter for the share holders, but to serve the stake holders and society at large for many generations to come (e.g. Matsuhista).

Indulgence

One challenge that confronts humanity, now and in the past, is the degree to which little children are socialized. Without socialization we do not become “human”. This dimension is defined as the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised. Relatively weak control is called “indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “restraint”. Cultures can, therefore, be described as indulgent or restrained.

Japan, with a low score of 42, is shown to have a culture of restraint. Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to indulgent societies, restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are restrained by social norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong.

Scores of countries marked with an asterisk (*) are - partially or fully - based on an educated guess derived from data representing similar countries in combination with our practitioner experience. The scores for these country are not derived from proper comparative academic research. For the list of official scores see Geert Hofstede's private website.
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Bagaimana dengan Jepang? Jika kita mengeksplorasi budaya Jepang melalui lensa dari 6-D Model, kita bisa mendapatkan gambaran yang baik dari driver dalam budaya Jepang relatif terhadap budaya dunia lainnya. jarak Daya penawaran dimensi ini dengan fakta bahwa semua individu dalam masyarakat tidak sama - itu mengungkapkan sikap budaya terhadap ketidaksetaraan antara kita. Jarak kekuasaan didefinisikan sebagai sejauh mana anggota yang kurang kuat lembaga dan organisasi dalam suatu negara mengharapkan dan menerima bahwa kekuasaan didistribusikan tidak merata. Pada skor antara 54, Jepang adalah masyarakat hirarkis batas. Ya, Jepang selalu sadar posisi hirarkis mereka dalam pengaturan sosial dan bertindak sesuai. Namun, itu tidak hirarkis karena sebagian besar budaya Asia lainnya. Beberapa orang asing mengalami Jepang sangat hierarkis karena pengalaman bisnis mereka susah payah lambat proses pengambilan keputusan: semua keputusan harus dikonfirmasi oleh setiap lapisan hirarki dan akhirnya oleh manajemen puncak di Tokyo. Paradoksnya, contoh yang tepat dari lambat proses pengambilan keputusan mereka menunjukkan bahwa dalam masyarakat Jepang tidak ada satu orang atas yang dapat mengambil keputusan seperti dalam masyarakat yang lebih hierarkis. Contoh lain dari tidak begitu tinggi jarak kekuasaan adalah bahwa Jepang selalu menjadi masyarakat yang meritokratis. Ada gagasan yang kuat dalam sistem pendidikan Jepang yang semua orang dilahirkan sama dan siapa saja bisa maju dan menjadi apa-apa jika dia (ya, masih dia) bekerja cukup keras. Individualisme Isu mendasar yang disampaikan oleh dimensi ini adalah tingkat ketergantungan masyarakat mempertahankan di antara para anggotanya. Ini ada hubungannya dengan apakah people's citra diri didefinisikan dalam hal "I" atau "Kami". Dalam masyarakat Individualist orang yang seharusnya menjaga diri mereka sendiri dan keluarga langsung mereka saja. Dalam masyarakat kolektivis orang milik 'dalam kelompok' yang merawat mereka dalam pertukaran untuk loyalitas. Jepang skor 46 pada dimensi individualisme. Tentu saja masyarakat Jepang menunjukkan banyak karakteristik dari masyarakat kolektif: seperti menempatkan harmoni kelompok di atas ekspresi pendapat individu dan masyarakat memiliki rasa yang kuat malu untuk kehilangan muka. Namun, tidak kolektif karena kebanyakan dari tetangga Asianya. Yang paling populer penjelasan untuk ini adalah bahwa masyarakat Jepang tidak diperpanjang sistem keluarga yang membentuk dasar dari masyarakat yang lebih kolektif seperti China dan Korea. Jepang telah menjadi masyarakat yang paternalistik dan nama keluarga dan aset yang diwariskan dari ayah ke anak sulung. Adik-adik harus meninggalkan rumah dan mencari nafkah mereka sendiri dengan keluarga inti mereka. Salah satu contoh yang nampak paradoksal adalah bahwa Jepang terkenal dengan kesetiaan mereka kepada perusahaan mereka, sementara tampaknya Cina untuk pekerjaan hop lebih mudah. Namun, loyalitas perusahaan adalah sesuatu yang orang telah memilih untuk diri mereka sendiri, yang merupakan hal yang individualistis yang harus dilakukan. Anda bisa mengatakan bahwa Jepang-kelompok yang situasional. Sementara dalam budaya yang lebih kolektif, orang setia kepada kelompok batin mereka dengan kelahiran, seperti keluarga dan komunitas lokal mereka. Jepang dialami sebagai kolektif dengan standar Barat dan berpengalaman sebagai individualistis oleh standar Asia. Mereka lebih pribadi dan pendiam daripada kebanyakan orang Asia lainnya. Maskulinitas Skor tinggi (maskulin) pada dimensi ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat akan didorong oleh kompetisi, prestasi dan keberhasilan, dengan kesuksesan yang ditentukan oleh pemenang / terbaik di lapangan - sistem nilai yang dimulai di sekolah dan berlanjut sepanjang perilaku organisasi. Sebuah skor rendah (feminin) pada dimensi berarti bahwa nilai-nilai yang dominan dalam masyarakat yang merawat orang lain dan kualitas hidup. Sebuah masyarakat feminin adalah salah satu di mana kualitas hidup adalah tanda keberhasilan dan berdiri keluar dari keramaian tidak mengagumkan. Masalah mendasar di sini adalah apa yang memotivasi orang, ingin menjadi yang terbaik (maskulin) atau menyukai apa yang Anda lakukan (feminin). Pada 95, Jepang adalah salah satu masyarakat yang paling maskulin di dunia. Namun, dalam kombinasi dengan kolektivisme ringan mereka, Anda tidak melihat perilaku individu tegas dan kompetitif yang sering kita kaitkan dengan budaya maskulin. Apa yang Anda lihat adalah kompetisi yang berat antara kelompok. Dari usia yang sangat muda di taman kanak-kanak, anak-anak belajar untuk bersaing pada hari olahraga untuk kelompok mereka (secara tradisional tim merah melawan tim putih). Di perusahaan Jepang, Anda melihat bahwa karyawan yang paling termotivasi ketika mereka berjuang dalam tim menang melawan pesaing mereka. Apa yang Anda lihat juga sebagai ekspresi maskulinitas di Jepang adalah drive untuk keunggulan dan kesempurnaan dalam produksi material mereka (monodukuri) dan jasa materi (hotel dan restoran) dan presentasi (bungkus kado dan presentasi makanan) di setiap aspek kehidupan. Notorious gila kerja Jepang adalah ungkapan lain dari maskulinitas mereka. Hal ini masih sulit bagi perempuan untuk memanjat tangga perusahaan di Jepang dengan norma maskulin mereka jam kerja keras dan panjang. Ketidakpastian menghindari The Ketidakpastian dimensi Penghindaran harus dilakukan dengan cara bahwa penawaran masyarakat dengan fakta bahwa masa depan tidak dapat diketahui: kita harus mencoba untuk mengendalikan masa depan atau hanya membiarkan hal itu terjadi? Ambiguitas ini membawa serta kecemasan dan budaya yang berbeda telah belajar untuk mengatasi kecemasan ini dengan cara yang berbeda. Sejauh mana para anggota budaya merasa terancam oleh situasi yang ambigu atau tidak dikenal dan telah menciptakan kepercayaan dan lembaga yang mencoba untuk menghindari ini tercermin dalam skor UAI. Pada 92 Jepang adalah salah satu yang paling ketidakpastian negara di bumi menghindari. Hal ini sering dikaitkan dengan fakta bahwa Jepang terus terancam oleh bencana alam dari gempa bumi, tsunami (ini adalah kata dalam bahasa Jepang yang digunakan secara internasional), topan letusan gunung berapi. Dalam keadaan ini Jepang belajar untuk mempersiapkan diri untuk setiap situasi yang tidak pasti. Ini berlaku tidak hanya untuk rencana darurat dan pencegahan bencana alam mendadak, tetapi juga untuk setiap aspek lain dari masyarakat. Anda bisa mengatakan bahwa di Jepang apa pun yang Anda lakukan adalah diresepkan untuk prediktabilitas maksimal. Dari buaian sampai liang kubur, hidup sangat ritual dan Anda memiliki banyak upacara. Misalnya, ada pembukaan dan penutupan upacara setiap tahun ajaran yang dilakukan hampir persis dengan cara yang sama di mana-mana di Jepang. Pada pernikahan, pemakaman dan acara sosial yang penting lainnya, apa yang dikenakan orang dan bagaimana orang harus bersikap yang diresepkan secara detail dalam buku-buku etiket. Guru sekolah dan pegawai negeri enggan untuk melakukan hal-hal tanpa didahulukan. Di perusahaan Jepang, banyak waktu dan usaha yang dimasukkan ke dalam studi kelayakan dan semua faktor risiko harus bekerja sebelum setiap proyek dapat dimulai. Manajer meminta semua fakta yang rinci dan angka sebelum mengambil keputusan apapun. Kebutuhan yang tinggi ini untuk menghindari ketidakpastian adalah salah satu alasan mengapa perubahan sangat sulit diwujudkan di Jepang. Orientasi Jangka Panjang Dimensi ini menjelaskan howevery masyarakat harus mempertahankan beberapa hubungan dengan masa lalu sendiri ketika berhadapan dengan tantangan masa kini dan masa depan, dan masyarakat memprioritaskan dua gol eksistensial berbeda. Masyarakat normatif yang skor rendah pada dimensi ini, misalnya, lebih memilih untuk mempertahankan tradisi waktu dihormati dan norma-norma saat melihat perubahan sosial dengan kecurigaan. Mereka dengan budaya yang skor tinggi, di sisi lain, mengambil pendekatan yang lebih pragmatis: mereka mendorong penghematan dan upaya pendidikan modern sebagai cara untuk mempersiapkan masa depan. Pada 88 skor Jepang sebagai salah satu masyarakat yang berorientasi Orientasi Jangka Panjang yang paling . Jepang melihat kehidupan mereka sebagai momen yang sangat singkat dalam sejarah panjang umat manusia. Dari perspektif ini, semacam fatalisme tidak asing bagi orang Jepang. Anda melakukan yang terbaik dalam waktu hidup Anda dan itu semua apa yang dapat Anda lakukan. Gagasan satu-satunya Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa tidak asing lagi bagi Jepang. Orang menjalani hidup mereka dipandu oleh kebajikan dan praktis contoh yang baik. Di perusahaan Jepang, Anda melihat orientasi jangka panjang dalam tingkat tinggi terus-menerus investasi dalam R & D bahkan di saat ekonomi sulit, tingkat modal yang lebih tinggi sendiri, mengutamakan pertumbuhan stabil pangsa pasar daripada laba kuartalan, dan sebagainya. Mereka semua melayani daya tahan perusahaan. Ide di balik itu adalah bahwa perusahaan tidak di sini untuk membuat uang setiap kuartal untuk pemegang saham, melainkan untuk melayani pemegang saham dan masyarakat luas untuk generasi yang akan datang (misalnya Matsuhista). Indulgence Salah satu tantangan yang dihadapi umat manusia, sekarang dan di masa lalu, adalah sejauh mana anak-anak kecil disosialisasikan. Tanpa sosialisasi kita tidak menjadi "manusia". Dimensi ini didefinisikan sebagai sejauh mana orang mencoba untuk mengendalikan keinginan mereka dan impuls, berdasarkan cara mereka dibesarkan. Relatif lemahnya kontrol disebut "indulgence" dan kontrol yang relatif kuat disebut "menahan diri". Budaya bisa, karena itu, digambarkan sebagai memanjakan atau terkendali. Jepang, dengan skor rendah 42, terbukti memiliki budaya menahan diri. Masyarakat dengan skor rendah dalam dimensi ini memiliki kecenderungan untuk sinisme dan pesimisme. Juga, berbeda dengan masyarakat memanjakan, menahan masyarakat tidak menempatkan banyak penekanan pada waktu luang dan mengontrol pemuasan keinginan mereka. . Orang dengan orientasi ini memiliki persepsi bahwa tindakan mereka dibatasi oleh norma-norma sosial dan merasa bahwa memanjakan diri agak salah Skor negara yang ditandai dengan tanda bintang (*) adalah - sebagian atau seluruhnya - didasarkan pada tebakan berasal dari data yang mewakili serupa negara dalam kombinasi dengan pengalaman praktisi kami. Skor untuk negara ini tidak berasal dari penelitian akademik yang tepat komparatif. Untuk daftar nilai resmi lihat website pribadi Geert Hofstede.







































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