The most important borrower-spenders are businesses and the government terjemahan - The most important borrower-spenders are businesses and the government Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The most important borrower-spender

The most important borrower-spenders are businesses and the government (particularly the federal government), but households and foreigners also borrow to finance their purchases of cars, furniture, and houses. The arrows show that funds flow from lender-savers to borrower-spenders via two routes. In direct finance(the route at the bottom of Figure 1), borrowers borrow funds directly from lenders in financial markets by selling them securities(also called financial instruments), which are claims on the borrower’s future income or assets. Securities are assets for the person who buys them but liabilities (IOUs or debts) for the individual or firm that sells (issues) them. For example, if General Motors needs to borrow funds to pay for a new factory to manufacture electric cars, it might borrow the funds from savers by selling them bonds, debt securities that promise to make payments periodically for a specified period of time. Why is this channeling of funds from savers to spenders so important to the economy? The answer is that the people who save are frequently not the same people who have profitable investment opportunities available to them, the entrepreneurs. Let’s first think about this on a personal level. Suppose that you have saved $1,000 this year, but no borrowing or lending is possible because there are no financial markets. If you do not have an investment opportunity that will permit you to earn income with your savings, you will just hold on to the $1,000 and will earn no interest. However, Carl the Carpenter has a productive use for your $1,000: He can use it to purchase a new tool that will shorten the time it takes him to build a house, thereby earning an extra $200 per year. If you could get in touch with Carl, you could lend him the $1,000 at a rental fee (interest) of $100 per year, and both of you would be better off. You would earn $100 per year on your $1,000, instead of the zero amount that you would earn otherwise, while Carl would earn $100 more income per year (the $200 extra earnings per year minus the $100 rental fee for the use of the funds). In the absence of financial markets, you and Carl the Carpenter might never get together. Without financial markets, it is hard to transfer funds from a person who has no investment opportunities to one who has them; you would both be stuck with the status quo, and both of you would be worse off. Financial markets are thus essential to promoting economic efficiency. The existence of financial markets is also beneficial even if someone borrows for a purpose other than increasing production in a business. Say that you are recently married, have a good job, and want to buy a house. You earn a good salary, but because you have just started to work, you have not yet saved much. Over time, you would have no problem saving enough to buy the house of your dreams, but by then you would be too old to get full enjoyment from it. Without financial markets, you are stuck; you cannot buy the house and must continue to live in your tiny apartment. If a financial market were set up so that people who had built up savings could lend you the funds to buy the house, you would be more than happy to pay them some interest in order to own a home while you are still young enough to enjoy it. Then, over time, you would pay back your loan. The overall outcome would be such that you would be better off, as would the persons who made you the loan. They would now earn some interest, whereas they would not if the financial market did not exist. Now we can see why financial markets have such an important function in the economy. They allow funds to move from people who lack productive investment opportunities to people who have such opportunities. Thus financial markets are critical for producing an efficient allocation of capital, which contributes to higher production and efficiency for the overall economy. Indeed, as we will explore in Chapter 8, when financial markets break down during financial crises, as they have in Mexico, East Asia, and Argentina in recent years, severe economic hardship results, which can even lead to dangerous political instability. Well-functioning financial markets also directly improve the well-being of consumers by allowing them to time their purchases better. They provide funds to young people to buy what they need and can eventually afford without forcing them to wait until they have saved up the entire purchase price. Financial markets that are operating efficiently improve the economic welfare of everyone in the society.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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The most important borrower-spenders are businesses and the government (particularly the federal government), but households and foreigners also borrow to finance their purchases of cars, furniture, and houses. The arrows show that funds flow from lender-savers to borrower-spenders via two routes. In direct finance(the route at the bottom of Figure 1), borrowers borrow funds directly from lenders in financial markets by selling them securities(also called financial instruments), which are claims on the borrower’s future income or assets. Securities are assets for the person who buys them but liabilities (IOUs or debts) for the individual or firm that sells (issues) them. For example, if General Motors needs to borrow funds to pay for a new factory to manufacture electric cars, it might borrow the funds from savers by selling them bonds, debt securities that promise to make payments periodically for a specified period of time. Why is this channeling of funds from savers to spenders so important to the economy? The answer is that the people who save are frequently not the same people who have profitable investment opportunities available to them, the entrepreneurs. Let’s first think about this on a personal level. Suppose that you have saved $1,000 this year, but no borrowing or lending is possible because there are no financial markets. If you do not have an investment opportunity that will permit you to earn income with your savings, you will just hold on to the $1,000 and will earn no interest. However, Carl the Carpenter has a productive use for your $1,000: He can use it to purchase a new tool that will shorten the time it takes him to build a house, thereby earning an extra $200 per year. If you could get in touch with Carl, you could lend him the $1,000 at a rental fee (interest) of $100 per year, and both of you would be better off. You would earn $100 per year on your $1,000, instead of the zero amount that you would earn otherwise, while Carl would earn $100 more income per year (the $200 extra earnings per year minus the $100 rental fee for the use of the funds). In the absence of financial markets, you and Carl the Carpenter might never get together. Without financial markets, it is hard to transfer funds from a person who has no investment opportunities to one who has them; you would both be stuck with the status quo, and both of you would be worse off. Financial markets are thus essential to promoting economic efficiency. The existence of financial markets is also beneficial even if someone borrows for a purpose other than increasing production in a business. Say that you are recently married, have a good job, and want to buy a house. You earn a good salary, but because you have just started to work, you have not yet saved much. Over time, you would have no problem saving enough to buy the house of your dreams, but by then you would be too old to get full enjoyment from it. Without financial markets, you are stuck; you cannot buy the house and must continue to live in your tiny apartment. If a financial market were set up so that people who had built up savings could lend you the funds to buy the house, you would be more than happy to pay them some interest in order to own a home while you are still young enough to enjoy it. Then, over time, you would pay back your loan. The overall outcome would be such that you would be better off, as would the persons who made you the loan. They would now earn some interest, whereas they would not if the financial market did not exist. Now we can see why financial markets have such an important function in the economy. They allow funds to move from people who lack productive investment opportunities to people who have such opportunities. Thus financial markets are critical for producing an efficient allocation of capital, which contributes to higher production and efficiency for the overall economy. Indeed, as we will explore in Chapter 8, when financial markets break down during financial crises, as they have in Mexico, East Asia, and Argentina in recent years, severe economic hardship results, which can even lead to dangerous political instability. Well-functioning financial markets also directly improve the well-being of consumers by allowing them to time their purchases better. They provide funds to young people to buy what they need and can eventually afford without forcing them to wait until they have saved up the entire purchase price. Financial markets that are operating efficiently improve the economic welfare of everyone in the society.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Yang paling penting peminjam-pemboros adalah bisnis dan pemerintah (terutama pemerintah federal), tapi rumah tangga dan orang asing juga meminjam untuk membiayai pembelian mereka dari mobil, furniture, dan rumah-rumah. Panah menunjukkan bahwa aliran dana dari pemberi pinjaman hemat untuk peminjam-pemboros melalui dua rute. Dalam keuangan langsung (rute di bagian bawah Gambar 1), peminjam meminjam dana langsung dari pemberi pinjaman di pasar keuangan dengan menjual mereka sekuritas (juga disebut instrumen keuangan), yang klaim atas penghasilan masa depan peminjam atau aset. Efek adalah aset bagi orang yang membeli mereka tapi kewajiban (IOU atau utang) untuk individu atau perusahaan yang menjual (masalah) mereka. Misalnya, jika General Motors perlu meminjam dana untuk membayar sebuah pabrik baru untuk memproduksi mobil listrik, mungkin meminjam dana dari penabung dengan menjual mereka obligasi, surat utang yang menjanjikan untuk melakukan pembayaran secara berkala untuk jangka waktu tertentu. Mengapa penyaluran ini dana dari penabung ke pemboros begitu penting untuk perekonomian? Jawabannya adalah bahwa orang-orang yang menyimpan sering tidak orang yang sama yang memiliki kesempatan investasi yang menguntungkan yang tersedia bagi mereka, para pengusaha. Mari kita pertama berpikir tentang hal ini pada tingkat pribadi. Misalkan Anda simpan $ 1.000 tahun ini, tetapi tidak ada pinjaman atau kredit ini dimungkinkan karena tidak ada pasar keuangan. Jika Anda tidak memiliki kesempatan investasi yang akan memungkinkan Anda untuk mendapatkan penghasilan dengan tabungan Anda, Anda hanya akan berpegang pada $ 1.000 dan akan mendapatkan bunga. Namun, Carl Carpenter memiliki penggunaan yang produktif untuk Anda $ 1000: Dia dapat menggunakannya untuk membeli alat baru yang akan mempersingkat waktu yang dibutuhkan dia untuk membangun rumah, sehingga penghasilan tambahan $ 200 per tahun. Jika Anda bisa berhubungan dengan Carl, Anda bisa meminjamkan $ 1.000 pada biaya sewa (bunga) dari $ 100 per tahun, dan Anda berdua akan lebih baik. Anda akan mendapatkan $ 100 per tahun pada Anda $ 1.000, bukan nol jumlah yang akan Anda peroleh jika tidak, sementara Carl akan mendapatkan penghasilan $ 100 lebih per tahun ($ 200 pendapatan tambahan per tahun dikurangi biaya sewa $ 100 untuk penggunaan dana). Dengan tidak adanya pasar keuangan, Anda dan Carl Carpenter mungkin pernah bersama-sama. Tanpa pasar keuangan, sulit untuk mentransfer dana dari seseorang yang tidak memiliki peluang investasi kepada orang yang telah mereka; Anda berdua akan terjebak dengan status quo, dan Anda berdua akan lebih buruk. Pasar keuangan sehingga penting untuk mempromosikan efisiensi ekonomi. Keberadaan pasar keuangan juga bermanfaat bahkan jika seseorang meminjam untuk tujuan lain selain meningkatkan produksi dalam bisnis. Mengatakan bahwa Anda baru saja menikah, memiliki pekerjaan yang baik, dan ingin membeli rumah. Anda mendapatkan gaji yang baik, tetapi karena Anda baru saja mulai bekerja, Anda belum disimpan banyak. Seiring waktu, Anda akan tidak punya masalah tabungan yang cukup untuk membeli rumah impian Anda, tetapi oleh maka Anda akan terlalu tua untuk mendapatkan kenikmatan penuh dari itu. Tanpa pasar keuangan, Anda terjebak; Anda tidak dapat membeli rumah dan harus terus tinggal di apartemen kecil Anda. Jika pasar keuangan yang mengatur sehingga orang-orang yang telah membangun penghematan bisa meminjamkan dana untuk membeli rumah, Anda akan lebih dari senang untuk membayar mereka beberapa kepentingan untuk memiliki rumah saat Anda masih cukup muda untuk menikmati saya t. Kemudian, dari waktu ke waktu, Anda akan membayar kembali pinjaman Anda. Hasil keseluruhan akan seperti bahwa Anda akan lebih baik, seperti yang akan orang-orang yang membuat Anda pinjaman. Mereka sekarang akan memperoleh beberapa bunga, sedangkan mereka akan tidak jika pasar keuangan tidak ada. Sekarang kita bisa melihat mengapa pasar keuangan memiliki seperti fungsi penting dalam perekonomian. Mereka memungkinkan dana untuk bergerak dari orang-orang yang tidak memiliki peluang investasi produktif untuk orang-orang yang memiliki kesempatan tersebut. Dengan demikian pasar keuangan sangat penting untuk memproduksi alokasi efisien modal, yang memberikan kontribusi untuk produksi yang lebih tinggi dan efisiensi bagi perekonomian secara keseluruhan. Memang, seperti yang kita akan mengeksplorasi dalam Bab 8, ketika pasar keuangan memecah selama krisis keuangan, karena mereka memiliki di Meksiko, Asia Timur, dan Argentina dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, hasil kesulitan ekonomi yang parah, yang bahkan dapat menyebabkan ketidakstabilan politik yang berbahaya. Yang berfungsi dengan baik pasar keuangan juga langsung meningkatkan kesejahteraan konsumen dengan memungkinkan mereka untuk waktu pembelian mereka lebih baik. Mereka menyediakan dana untuk orang-orang muda untuk membeli apa yang mereka butuhkan dan akhirnya mampu tanpa memaksa mereka untuk menunggu sampai mereka telah menabung harga pembelian seluruh. Pasar keuangan yang beroperasi secara efisien meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi setiap orang di masyarakat.
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