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they were able to use the Western psychological model, valued being‘heard’ with respect, and preferred a choice of counsellor – not alwayswanting a counsellor of the same ethnicity. Being heard with respectmeans allowing them to tell their stories, to set their own frame ofreference, and to have their values and spirituality appreciated (hooks,1993). Rather than seek a single cultural consultant as expert, counsellorscan extend their reflective practice by establishing communitylinks with groups whose experience and insights are useful to theirwork, and work towards maximising the range of experience withintheir staff group.Tamasese and Waldegrave (1996) refer to this as ‘justtherapy’, countering both individual and institutional discriminationthrough making one’s own work accountable to subjugated groups byconsulting always with local communities or colleagues who havemore similarity with the client. Burnham and Harris (1996) set outguidelines for counselling those whose ethnicity and culture aredifferent from the counsellor:• Culture and ethnicity are always important and not always obvious.• People who are different [from you] are not necessarily the same [aseach other].• Ethnicity and culture are socially constructed.• Be willing to suspend both your belief and disbelief.• Be clumsy rather than clever.• Do not use clients with different cultural backgrounds as an educationlesson for the professional.• Be sensitive, not superficial.• The list is always emerging, so what would you add to it?We would add that this list is a useful set of practice pointers for workwith all clients as there as many cultural stories as there are people.GenderIn our so-called post-feminist era, it may not seem necessary to detailthe effects of sexism – the inequalities of opportunity in every sphereof life which women have experienced and, to a lesser extent, still do.Not only have there been many feminist critiques of counsellingtheory (see, for example, Mitchell, 1974; Gilligan, 1982) and thedevelopment of pro-feminist counselling (see, for example, Miller,1973; Kaplan, 1987), but men, too, have applied masculinist critiques(see, for example, Hearn, 1996; McLean et al., 1996).All of these haveThe Climate of Counselling 29
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