1.3.2 Procedures: Top-down and bottom-up estimation The estimation of  terjemahan - 1.3.2 Procedures: Top-down and bottom-up estimation The estimation of  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1.3.2 Procedures: Top-down and bott

1.3.2 Procedures: Top-down and bottom-up estimation The estimation of marginal costs is usually based on bottom-up approaches considering specific traffic conditions and referring to case studies. They are more precise and accurate, with potential for differentiation. On the other hand, the estimation approaches are costly and difficult to aggregate (e.g. to define representative average figures for typical transport clusters or national averages). Alternatively, top-down approaches using average national data are applied. Such approaches are more representative on a general level, allowing also a comparison between modes. On the other hand the cost function has to be simplified and cost allocation to specific traffic situations and the differentiation for vehicle categories is rather rough. The existing literature for efficient pricing mainly recommends a bottom-up approach following the impact pathway methodology. In practice, however, a mixture of bottom-up and top-down approaches (with representative data) can be observed. Most important is the definition of appropriate clusters with similar cost levels (such as air pollution levels, traffic characteristics and population density). Table 3 shows the difference between marginal cost (bottom-up) and average cost (top-down).
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
1.3.2 prosedur: Top-down dan bawah-atas estimasi perkiraan biaya marjinal biasanya didasarkan pada pendekatan bottom-up mengingat kondisi lalu lintas tertentu dan mengacu pada studi kasus. Mereka lebih tepat dan akurat, dengan potensi untuk diferensiasi. Di sisi lain, estimasi pendekatan mahal dan sulit untuk agregat (misalnya untuk menentukan perwakilan angka rata-rata cluster khas transportasi atau rata-rata nasional). Selain itu, pendekatan top-down menggunakan data rata-rata nasional yang diterapkan. Pendekatan seperti yang lebih mewakili pada tingkat umum, memungkinkan juga perbandingan antara mode. Di sisi lain fungsi biaya harus sederhana dan biaya alokasi untuk situasi tertentu lalu lintas dan diferensiasi untuk kendaraan kategori agak kasar. Literatur yang ada untuk harga efisien terutama menganjurkan pendekatan bottom-up yang mengikuti dampak jalur metodologi. Dalam prakteknya, namun, campuran pendekatan bawah-atas dan top-down (dengan perwakilan data) dapat diamati. Paling penting adalah definisi dari kelompok sesuai dengan tingkat biaya yang sama (seperti tingkat polusi udara, lalu lintas karakteristik dan kepadatan penduduk). Tabel 3 menunjukkan perbedaan antara biaya marjinal (bawah-atas) dan biaya rata-rata (top-down).
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2024 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: