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Hierarchical Structure of Proteins Although constructed by the polymerization of only 20 different amino acidsinto linear chains, proteins carry out an incredible array of diverse tasks. A protein chain folds intoa unique shape that is stabilized by noncovalent interactions between regions in the linear sequence of amino acids. This spatialorganization of a protein—its shape in three dimensions—is a key to understanding its function. Only when a protein is in its correct three-dimensional structure, or conformation,is it able to function efficiently. A key concept in understanding how proteins work is that function is derived from three-dimensional structure, and three-dimensional structure is specified by amino acid sequence.Here, we consider the structure of proteins at four levels of organization, starting with their monomeric building blocks, the amino acids.
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