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THEORETICAL MODEL AND HYPOTHESISThe overall brand model adopted for this study is the CBBE Pyramid conceptualized by Keller (1993, 2001, 2009). Keller defines the CBBE as 'the differential effect of brand knowledge on consumer response to the marketing of the brand' (Keller, 1993, p. 8). Following this conceptualization, in order to reach the maximum degree of brand equity, a brand should successfully reach six different steps, making up the six blocks of the pyramid: salience, performance, imagery, judgment, feelings and resonance (Figure 1 - See PDF,).At the base of the pyramid, there is the block of brand salience . It corresponds to some aspects of brand awareness, which is the consumers' awareness of the existence of the brand and their ability to easily recall or recognize it (that is, depth of brand awareness), and to properly evoke it under various situations or circumstances (that is, breadth of brand awareness). Keller states that this basic-level reply to the fundamental question 'Who are you?' is that the brand is known by people and suitable to enter into their consideration set for a specific product class or customer need.The salience block could be involved in the counterfeit phenomenon as the large number and models of copies available on the market and the high conspicuousness of the logo on fake products can significantly alter the visibility of the brand and its knowledge.
The second level of the pyramid relates to the meaning of the brand, and thus it replies to the ideal question: 'What are you?'. After having reached a good brand recall and recognition (the previous step), consumers are able to develop specific brand association that should be positive, unique and favorable (Keller, 1993). Brand meaning can be composed, on the one hand, of considerations at a functional, rational and performance-related level, and, on the other, of considerations related to a hedonic, abstract and affective level. For this reason, the second level of the pyramid is split into two different sides: the left one refers to the first dimension, called performance; the right one corresponds to the second one, called imagery.
Keller describes the performance dimension as the overall evaluation of the product or service's ability to meet consumers' functional needs. It refers to product characteristics (primary and supplementary ones in addition to style, design and price), reliability, durability, serviceability, effectiveness, efficiency and empathy in service delivery. For luxury products, some of these evaluations could be considered as hygienic factors, as the high price level leads one to believe that these products are top quality. The effectiveness and empathy in service delivery could play an important differential role, for example in purchasing advice and in post-purchasing assistance. Counterfeit stresses the importance of functional performances as it puts alternatives on the market, positioned at a significantly different price level, highlighting the value-for-money issue.
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