Organized Crime in Greece: A Regional Nexus
The rapid growth of criminality in Greece, which is linked to the dramatic increase in illegal immigration and economic turbulence, also has a vital relation to the existence of powerful criminal groups in the Balkans.
Greece’s unemployment rate – 8% in mid-2009 – doubled in April 2011. The unemployment rate for foreigners with legal residence in the country exceeds 20% and the illegal immigrant population has more than a 50% unemployment rate. In simple terms, the legal market is unable to provide an income for a large number of the country’s residents.
Another issue is the existence of criminal networks in the wider Southeastern European region. A US State Department International Strategy for Narcotics Control report, released in March 2010, attested that Balkan countries remain major transit points for Afghan heroin, while the war against traffickers is hampered by corruption and weak state institutions.
According to the report, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina are used by narcotics traffickers to move Afghan heroin from Central Asia to destinations around Western Europe. To a lesser extent, Romania and Montenegro are also considered as staging posts for traffickers.
Apart from being an important transit country for heroin and cocaine Bulgaria is, according to the report, also a producer of illicit narcotics. With its important geographic position on several Balkan transit routes, Bulgaria is vulnerable to illegal flows of drugs, people, contraband goods and money.
For its part, Interpol is quite specific in identifying the real importance of the Balkans in the present day European narcotics market. According to the research of that organization, two primary routes are used to smuggle heroin: the Balkan Route, which runs through Southeastern Europe, and the Silk Route, which runs through Central Asia.
The anchor point for the Balkan Route is Turkey, which remains a major staging area and transportation route for heroin destined for European markets. “The Balkan Route is divided into three sub-routes: the southern route runs through Turkey, Greece, Albania and Italy,” noted an Interpol report. “The central route runs through Turkey, Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, and into either Italy or Austria; and the northern route runs from Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania to Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland or Germany.” The organization confirms that large quantities of heroin are destined for either the Netherlands or the United Kingdom on these routes.
This whole situation has direct political repercussions as well. Since the Greek electorate blames the politicians for their perceived inability to deal with the rise in crime, this in turn is directly related to the absence of a coherent policy in deterring the flow of illegal immigration in the country, and thus of reducing the operations of transnational crime syndicates.
According to Greek police sources, foreigners were responsible for about 65% of crimes committed in the country in 2010- an increase of about 50% from the previous year. (It should be noted that foreigners account for around 10% of the country’s population). It also has to be pointed out here that many more crimes committed inside the migrant communities are never reported, due to the understandable misgivings of illegal immigrants to interact with the police. Thus the actual number of crimes committed is greater than the number officially stated.
Illegal Immigration and Alternative Finance
Moreover, in its recent report on Terrorism in 2009, the US State Department pointed out that “Greece is increasingly an EU entry point for illegal immigrants coming from the Middle East and South Asia and there was concern that it could be used as a transit route for terrorists travelling to Europe and the United States. The number of illegal immigrants entering Greece, especially through the Aegean Sea, increased dramatically in 2008 and 2009, with more than 100,000 illegal immigrants, nearly half of whom originated from North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, arrested each year,”
Further, among the Wikileaks US diplomatic cables revelations, it was noted that a former American ambassador in Athens had held talks with Greek officials, pointing out the existence of Pakistani networks that smuggle immigrants into the country, and that are believed to be related with radical Islamist groups in Southeast Asia.
According to a detailed Kathimerini report in 2010, the number of unofficial mosques operating in Greece (excluding Thrace, where native Muslim populations live) is also increasing. By 2010, the newspaper attested, 75 unofficial mosques (compared to 68 in June 2009) were being used by immigrant communities. Some 23 of these had been founded by Pakistanis, and another 15 by Bangladeshi immigrants.
According to the same newspaper, the number of Muslim extremists reaching Greece through illegal immigration is also increasing. Currently, approximately 85 ‘illegal mosques’ (usually, based in private apartments) operate in Greece, while dozens of under-the-counter money transfer facilities exist. They are usually owned by illegal immigrants from Muslim countries, and facilitate a substantial money laundering operation in Greece. The hawala money transfer system is also widely used by the Muslim immigrant communities in Greece. The turnover of the illegal trade which takes place by illegal immigrants is estimated at between 7-10 billion euros, and results in a loss of about 2 billion euros in state income.
Illegal Immigration, the Illicit Trade in Tangible Assets, and Forgery Concerns
According to a financial police source speaking for Balkanalysis.com, a special task force created by the Greek tax service uncovered seven illegal warehouses between October 2010 and March 2011. Stashed within these facilities were illegally traded goods such as clothing, apparel, bags and furniture, with a value of over 30 million euros. Illegal trade undercuts the turnover of legal merchants and shop-owners that sell garments, leather goods and travel accessories, thus contributing to the continuation of adverse economic conditions for the legitimate economy.
The majority of the trade in contraband goods is controlled by specific ethnic groups. Chinese nationals are involved with clothing and Georgians with tobacco, while Nigerians are well known for pirated compact discs. Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups are involved with selling various other items.
Another visible trend involves Iraqi immigrants, who began arriving in Athens in larger numbers during the turbulent years following the US invasion of Iraq in 2003. This tight-knit group has set up specially designed shops in the center of Athens, trafficking in stolen items, mostly gold. The thieves who provide these items for resale are usually Moroccans and Algerians, police believe.
There is also a widespread forging industry for travel documents, with most networks originating from the Syrian and Pakistani communities, security sources attest. In a significant February 2011 raid, the Greek special police recovered around 500 fake travel documents and even stolen official stamps belonging to such groups.
Forgery of official documents is a vital concern for counter-terrorism officials, since terrorist groups often need multiple sources of false identification to travel internationally and successfully evade governments which may have blacklisted them.
Major terrorist groups such as al Qaeda have long relied on the services of expert forgers to facilitate the international travel of cell members. With the ongoing crises in North Africa and the Middle East exacerbating an exodus of desperate migrants fleeing to Europe, the trade in fraudulent or doctored papers represents a major ‘growth industry’ for criminal groups involved with human trafficking in Greece today.
“Sectors of Influence”
Today, the city center of Athens is actually being divided into ‘sectors of influence’ by several criminally-involved immigrant groups. Arabs have influence in the Metaxourgeio area, near the country’s major railway station (Larisa Station), while Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups congregate around the streets Menadrou and Sofokleous. Afghanis and some Arabs are active in the area of Agios Panteleimonas, while illicit activities in the area around Fylis Street are controlled by Somali and Algerian groups.
Kurdish groups are most involved with the area immediately around Victoria train station, while Nigerians hold sway in Areos Park. In addition, the longer-established (and non-Muslim) Georgian groups are area active around Mitropoleos Street. Generally ‘multicultural’ networks conduct interrelated business in many other areas of Athens.
All in all, almost a quarter of the Athenian city centre is now considered off-limits by night for those unwilling to risk their valuables and, in some cases, their personal security. Athens has become arguably the worst city in the European Union (especially the Eurozone countries) in terms of personal safety. Remarkably, this deteriorating situation has happened relatively quickly – over the past 5 years – and has been accompanied by a parallel influx of illegal immigrants, mostly from the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Africa.
The Narcotics Trade in Greece
The illicit trade in narcotics is another focal issue. In 2001, it was recorded that up to 90% of the heroin sold in Greece was managed by Turkish and Albanian syndicates. Greek police today estimate the involvement of these two groups at 97%. The bulk of heroin produced originates from Afghanistan and is transferred to Greece via Turkey or Bulgaria.
A major issue here is the low street price of heroin in Greece nowadays- less than 20 euros per gram. This is the lowest current str
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..