The Evolving European UnionThe Evol

The Evolving European Union
The Evolving European Union: The European Union is now an economic force, with a
collective economy larger than that of the United States or Japan.
International Economic Organizations
Working to Foster Trade
The primary objective of the WTO is to remove barriers to trade on a worldwide basis.
On a smaller scale, an economic community is an organization of nations formed
to promote the free movement of resources and products among its members and to
create common economic policies. A number of economic communities now exist.
The European Union The European Union (EU), also known as the European
Economic Community and the Common Market, was formed in 1957 by six
countries—
France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands,
and Luxembourg. Its objective was freely conducted commerce among these nations
and others that might later join. As shown in Figure 3.5, many more nations have
joined the EU since then.
On January 1, 2007, the 25 nations of the EU became the EU27 as Bulgaria and
Romania became new members. The EU, with a population of nearly half a billion, is now
an economic force with a collective economy larger than much of the United States or Japan.
In celebrating the EU’s 50th anniversary in 2007, the president of the European
Commission, Jose Manuel Durao Barraso, declared, “Let us first recognize 50 years
of achievement. Peace, liberty, and prosperity, beyond the dreams of even the most
optimistic founding fathers of Europe. In 1957, 15 of our 27 members were either
under dictatorship or were not allowed to exist as independent countries. Now we are
all prospering democracies. The EU of today is around 50 times more prosperous and
with three times the population of the EU of 1957.
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Since January 2002, 15 member nations of the EU have been participating in
the new common currency, the euro. The euro is the single currency of the European
Monetary Union nations. However, three EU members, Denmark, the United Kingdom,
and Sweden, still maintain their own currencies.
The North American Free Trade Agreement The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) joined the United States with its first- and second-largest export
trading partners, Canada and Mexico. Implementation of NAFTA on January 1, 1994,
created a market of more than 462 million people. This market consists of Canada
(population 34 million), the United States (313 million), and Mexico (115 million).
According to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, after 18 years, NAFTA has
achieved its core goals of expanding trade and investment between the United States,
Canada, and Mexico. For example, from 1993 to 2011, trade among the NAFTA
nations more than tripled, from $297 billion to $1,058 billion.
NAFTA is built on the Canadian Free Trade Agreement, signed by the United
States and Canada in 1989, and on the substantial trade and investment reforms
undertaken by Mexico since the mid-1980s. Initiated by the Mexican government,
formal negotiations on NAFTA began in June 1991 among the three governments.
The support of NAFTA by President Bill Clinton, past U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan
and Jimmy Carter, and Nobel Prize–winning economists provided the impetus for U.S.
congressional ratification of NAFTA in November 1993. By 2008, NAFTA had gradually
eliminated all tariffs and quotas on goods produced and traded among Canada,
Mexico, and the United States to provide for a totally free-trade area. Chile is expected
to become the fourth member of NAFTA, but political forces may delay its entry into
the agreement for several years.
However, NAFTA is not without its critics. Critics maintain that NAFTA:
●● has not achieved its goals
●● has resulted in job losses
●● hurts workers by eroding labor standards and lowering wages
●● undermines national sovereignty and independence
●● does nothing to help the environment, and
●● hurts the agricultural sector
The proponents of NAFTA call the agreement a remarkable economic success
story for all three partners. They maintain that NAFTA:
●● has contributed to significant increases in trade and investment
●● has benefited companies in all three countries
●● has resulted in increased sales, new partnerships, and new opportunities
●● has created high-paying export-related jobs, and
●● better prices and selection in consumer goods
The Central American Free Trade Agreement The Central American Free
Trade Agreement (CAFTA) was created in 2003 by the United States and four Central
American countries—El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The CAFTA
became CAFTA-DR when the Dominican Republic joined the group in 2007. On
January 1, 2009, Costa Rica joined CAFTA-DR as the sixth member. CAFTA-DR creates
the third-largest U.S. export market in Latin America, behind only Mexico and
Brazil.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations The Association of Southeast
Asian Nations, with headquarters in Jakarta, Indonesia, was established in 1967 to
promote political, economic, and social cooperation among its seven member countries:
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, and Vietnam. With
the three new members, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, this region of 600 million
people is already our fifth-largest trading partner.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Uni EropaUni Eropa Evolving: Uni Eropa adalah sekarang kekuatan ekonomi, dengankolektif ekonomi lebih besar dari Amerika Serikat atau Jepang.Organisasi ekonomi internasionalBekerja untuk mendorong perdaganganTujuan utama WTO adalah untuk menghilangkan hambatan perdagangan di seluruh dunia.Pada skala yang lebih kecil, komunitas ekonomi adalah organisasi negara-negara yang membentukuntuk mempromosikan pergerakan bebas dari sumber daya dan produk antara para anggotanya dan untukmembuat kebijakan ekonomi umum. Sejumlah masyarakat ekonomi sekarang ada.Uni Eropa The Uni Eropa (UE), juga dikenal sebagai EropaMasyarakat ekonomi dan pasar umum, dibentuk pada tahun 1957 oleh enamnegara-Perancis, Republik Federal Jerman, Italia, Belgia, Belanda,dan Luxembourg. Tujuannya adalah bebas melakukan perdagangan antara bangsa-bangsadan lain-lain yang mungkin kemudian bergabung. Seperti ditunjukkan dalam gambar 3.5, banyak negara-negara lain memilikibergabung dengan Uni Eropa sejak itu.Pada 1 Januari 2007, 25 negara-negara Uni Eropa menjadi EU27 Bulgaria danRumania menjadi anggota baru. Uni Eropa, dengan populasi hampir setengah miliar, sekarangkekuatan ekonomi dengan ekonomi kolektif yang lebih banyak dari Amerika Serikat atau Jepang.Dalam merayakan Uni Eropa peringatan 50 tahun pada tahun 2007, Presiden EropaKomisi, Jose Manuel Durao Barraso, menyatakan, "Mari kita pertama mengenali 50 tahunprestasi. Perdamaian, kebebasan dan kemakmuran, luar mimpi yang bahkan yang palingoptimistic founding fathers of Europe. In 1957, 15 of our 27 members were eitherunder dictatorship or were not allowed to exist as independent countries. Now we areall prospering democracies. The EU of today is around 50 times more prosperous andwith three times the population of the EU of 1957.83Since January 2002, 15 member nations of the EU have been participating inthe new common currency, the euro. The euro is the single currency of the EuropeanMonetary Union nations. However, three EU members, Denmark, the United Kingdom,and Sweden, still maintain their own currencies.The North American Free Trade Agreement The North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA) joined the United States with its first- and second-largest exporttrading partners, Canada and Mexico. Implementation of NAFTA on January 1, 1994,created a market of more than 462 million people. This market consists of Canada(population 34 million), the United States (313 million), and Mexico (115 million).According to the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, after 18 years, NAFTA hasachieved its core goals of expanding trade and investment between the United States,Canada, and Mexico. For example, from 1993 to 2011, trade among the NAFTAnations more than tripled, from $297 billion to $1,058 billion.NAFTA is built on the Canadian Free Trade Agreement, signed by the UnitedStates and Canada in 1989, and on the substantial trade and investment reformsundertaken by Mexico since the mid-1980s. Initiated by the Mexican government,formal negotiations on NAFTA began in June 1991 among the three governments.The support of NAFTA by President Bill Clinton, past U.S. Presidents Ronald Reaganand Jimmy Carter, and Nobel Prize–winning economists provided the impetus for U.S.congressional ratification of NAFTA in November 1993. By 2008, NAFTA had graduallyeliminated all tariffs and quotas on goods produced and traded among Canada,Mexico, and the United States to provide for a totally free-trade area. Chile is expectedto become the fourth member of NAFTA, but political forces may delay its entry intothe agreement for several years.However, NAFTA is not without its critics. Critics maintain that NAFTA:●● has not achieved its goals●● has resulted in job losses●● hurts workers by eroding labor standards and lowering wages●● undermines national sovereignty and independence●● does nothing to help the environment, and●● hurts the agricultural sectorThe proponents of NAFTA call the agreement a remarkable economic successstory for all three partners. They maintain that NAFTA:●● has contributed to significant increases in trade and investment●● has benefited companies in all three countries●● has resulted in increased sales, new partnerships, and new opportunities●● has created high-paying export-related jobs, and●● better prices and selection in consumer goodsThe Central American Free Trade Agreement The Central American FreeTrade Agreement (CAFTA) was created in 2003 by the United States and four CentralAmerican countries—El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The CAFTAbecame CAFTA-DR when the Dominican Republic joined the group in 2007. OnJanuary 1, 2009, Costa Rica joined CAFTA-DR as the sixth member. CAFTA-DR createsthe third-largest U.S. export market in Latin America, behind only Mexico andBrazil.The Association of Southeast Asian Nations The Association of SoutheastAsian Nations, with headquarters in Jakarta, Indonesia, was established in 1967 topromote political, economic, and social cooperation among its seven member countries:Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, and Vietnam. Withthe three new members, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, this region of 600 millionpeople is already our fifth-largest trading partner.84

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Berkembang Uni Eropa
Berkembang Uni Eropa: Uni Eropa sekarang merupakan kekuatan ekonomi, dengan
. Ekonomi kolektif lebih besar dari Amerika Serikat atau Jepang
Organisasi Internasional Ekonomi
Bekerja untuk Foster Trade
Tujuan utama WTO adalah untuk menghilangkan hambatan untuk perdagangan di seluruh dunia.
pada skala yang lebih kecil, sebuah komunitas ekonomi adalah organisasi negara-negara yang dibentuk
untuk mempromosikan gerakan bebas dari sumber daya dan produk di antara para anggotanya dan untuk
membuat kebijakan ekonomi yang sama. Sejumlah komunitas ekonomi sekarang ada.
The European Union Uni Eropa (UE), juga dikenal sebagai Eropa
Masyarakat Ekonomi dan Pasar Bersama, dibentuk pada tahun 1957 oleh enam
countries-
Perancis, Republik Federal Jerman, Italia, Belgia, Belanda,
dan Luksemburg. Tujuannya adalah bebas dilakukan perdagangan antara negara-negara tersebut
dan lain-lain yang kemudian akan bergabung. Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 3.5, lebih banyak negara telah
bergabung dengan Uni Eropa sejak saat itu.
Pada tanggal 1 Januari 2007, 25 negara dari Uni Eropa menjadi EU27 sebagai Bulgaria dan
Rumania menjadi anggota baru. Uni Eropa, dengan populasi hampir setengah miliar, kini
kekuatan ekonomi dengan ekonomi kolektif yang lebih besar dari sebagian besar Amerika Serikat atau Jepang.
Dalam merayakan ulang tahun ke-50 Uni Eropa pada tahun 2007, presiden Eropa
Komisi, Jose Manuel Durao Barraso, menyatakan, "Mari kita mengakui 50 tahun
prestasi. Perdamaian, kebebasan, dan kemakmuran, di luar mimpi bahkan yang paling
pendiri optimis Eropa. Pada tahun 1957, 15 dari 27 anggota kami yang baik
di bawah kediktatoran atau tidak diizinkan untuk eksis sebagai negara independen. Sekarang kita
semua demokrasi makmur. Uni Eropa saat ini adalah sekitar 50 kali lebih makmur dan
dengan tiga kali penduduk Uni Eropa dari tahun 1957.
83 Sejak Januari 2002, 15 negara anggota Uni Eropa telah berpartisipasi dalam mata uang umum baru, euro. Euro adalah mata uang tunggal Eropa negara Uni Moneter. Namun, tiga anggota Uni Eropa, Denmark, Inggris, dan Swedia, masih mempertahankan mata uang mereka sendiri. Amerika Utara Amerika Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Utara Perdagangan Bebas Agreement (NAFTA) bergabung dengan Amerika Serikat dengan kedua terbesar ekspor pertama dan yang perdagangan mitra, Kanada dan Meksiko. Pelaksanaan NAFTA pada tanggal 1 Januari 1994, menciptakan pasar lebih dari 462 juta orang. Pasar ini terdiri dari Kanada (populasi 34 juta), Amerika Serikat (313 juta), dan Meksiko (115 juta). Menurut Kantor Perwakilan Dagang AS, setelah 18 tahun, NAFTA telah mencapai tujuan inti dari memperluas perdagangan dan investasi antara Amerika Serikat, Kanada, dan Meksiko. Misalnya, 1993-2011, perdagangan antara NAFTA negara lebih dari tiga kali lipat, dari $ 297.000.000.000 untuk $ 1.058 miliar. NAFTA dibangun pada Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Kanada, ditandatangani oleh Amerika Serikat dan Kanada pada tahun 1989, dan pada perdagangan besar dan reformasi investasi yang dilakukan oleh Meksiko sejak pertengahan 1980-an. Diprakarsai oleh pemerintah Meksiko, negosiasi formal NAFTA dimulai pada bulan Juni 1991 antara tiga pemerintah. Dukungan dari NAFTA oleh Presiden Bill Clinton, masa lalu Presiden AS Ronald Reagan dan Jimmy Carter, dan pemenang Hadiah Nobel ekonom memberikan dorongan untuk US ratifikasi kongres NAFTA pada bulan November 1993. pada tahun 2008, NAFTA telah secara bertahap dieliminasi semua tarif dan kuota barang yang diproduksi dan diperdagangkan antara Kanada, Meksiko, dan Amerika Serikat untuk menyediakan area benar-benar perdagangan bebas. Chile diharapkan untuk menjadi anggota keempat NAFTA, tetapi kekuatan politik dapat menunda masuknya ke perjanjian selama beberapa tahun. Namun, NAFTA bukan tanpa kritik. Kritik mempertahankan bahwa NAFTA: ●● belum mencapai tujuannya ●● telah mengakibatkan hilangnya pekerjaan ●● sakit pekerja dengan mengikis standar perburuhan dan menurunkan upah ●● merongrong kedaulatan nasional dan kemerdekaan ●● tidak apa-apa untuk membantu lingkungan, dan ●● sakit sektor pertanian para pendukung NAFTA memanggil perjanjian sukses ekonomi yang luar biasa cerita untuk semua tiga mitra. Mereka mempertahankan bahwa NAFTA: ●● telah memberikan kontribusi untuk peningkatan yang signifikan dalam perdagangan dan investasi ●● telah diuntungkan perusahaan di ketiga negara ●● telah menghasilkan peningkatan penjualan, kemitraan baru, dan kesempatan baru ●● telah menciptakan pekerjaan bergaji tinggi yang terkait dengan ekspor , dan ●● harga yang lebih baik dan seleksi di barang-barang konsumen Amerika Tengah Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika The Central Gratis Perjanjian Perdagangan (CAFTA) telah dibuat pada tahun 2003 oleh Amerika Serikat dan empat Central negara-El Amerika Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, dan Nikaragua. CAFTA menjadi CAFTA-DR ketika Republik Dominika bergabung dengan grup pada tahun 2007. Pada 1 Januari 2009, Kosta Rika bergabung CAFTA-DR sebagai anggota keenam. CAFTA-DR menciptakan pasar ekspor AS terbesar ketiga di Amerika Latin, di belakang hanya Meksiko dan Brazil. Asosiasi Bangsa Bangsa Asia Tenggara Asosiasi Tenggara Bangsa Asia, dengan kantor pusat di Jakarta, Indonesia, didirikan pada tahun 1967 untuk mempromosikan politik, ekonomi , dan kerjasama sosial di antara tujuh negara anggotanya: Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand, Brunei, dan Vietnam. Dengan tiga anggota baru, Kamboja, Laos, dan Myanmar, daerah ini dari 600 juta orang sudah kelima mitra dagang terbesar kami. 84