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THE BASICS OF ADJUSTING ENTRIESIn order for revenues and expenses sto be reported in the correct period, companies make adjusting etries at the end of the accounting period. Adjusting entries ensure that the revenue recognition and expense recognition principles are followed. Adjusting entries make it possible to report correct amounts on the statement of financial position and on the income statement. The trial balance- the first summarization of the transaction data- may not contain up-to-date and complete data. This is true for several reasons;1. Some events are not recorded daily because it is not efficient to do so. For example, companies do not record the daily use of supplies or the earning of wages by employees.2. Some costs are not recorded during the accounting period because they ecpire with the passage of time rather than as a result of daily transactions. Examples are rent, insurance, and charges related to the use of equipment.3. Some items may be unrecorder. An example is a utility bill that the company will not receive until the next accounting period.A company must make adjusting entries every time it prepares financial statements. It analyzes each account in the trial balance to determine whether it is complete and up-to-date. For example, the company may need to make inventory counts of supplies. It may also need to prepare supporting schedules of insurance policies, rental agreements, and other contractual commitments . because the adjusting and closing procces can be time-consuming, companies often prepare adjusting entries after the statement of financial position date, but date them as of the statement of financial position date.Types of Adjusting Entries Adjusting entries are sclaasified as either deferrals and accruals. As illustration 3-2 (page 100) show, each of these classes has two subcategories.Deferrals 1. Prepaid Expenses. Expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed2. Unearned Revenues. Cash received and recorded as liabilities before revenue is earnedAccruals1. Accrued Revenues. Revenues earned but not yet received in cash or recorded2. Accrued Expenses. Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.The following pages explain each type of adjusment and show examples. Each example is based on the october 31 trial balance of Pioneer Advertising Agency Inc., from chapter 2 and reproduced in illustration 3-3We assume that Pioneer Advertising uses an accounting period of one month, and thus it makes monthly adjusting entries. The entries are dated october 31.
Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
Deferrals are either prepaid expenses or unearned revenues. Companies make adjustments for deferrals to record the portion of the deferral that represent the expense incurred or the revenue earned in the current period.
PREPAID EXPENSES
Just as you might pay for your car insurance six months in advance, companies will pay in advance for some items that cover more than one period. Because accrual accounting requires that expenses are recognized only in the period in which they are incurred, thes prepayments are recorded as assets called prepaid expenses or prepayments. When expenses are prepaid, an asset account is increased (debited) to show the service or benefit that the company will receive in the future. Example of common prepayments are insurance, supplies, advertising, and rent. In addition, companies make prepayments when they purchasebuildings and equipment.
Prepaid expenses are costs that expire either with the passage of time (e.g.,rent and insurance) or through use (e.g.,supplies). The expiration of these costs does not require daily journal entries. Companies postpone recognizing these costs until they prepare financial statements. At each statement date, they make adjusting entries:
1. To record the expenses that apply to the current accounting period, and
2. To show the unexpired costs in the asset accounts
Prior to adjusment for prepaid expense, assets are overstated and expenses are understated. As shown in illustration 3-4, an adjusting entry for prepaid expense increases (debits) an expense account and decreases (credits) an asset account.
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