The foundational works on asset pricing models begin with the developm terjemahan - The foundational works on asset pricing models begin with the developm Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The foundational works on asset pri

The foundational works on asset pricing models begin with the development of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)by (Shape, 1964) and late(Lintner, 1965). The CAPM is a single factor model whose empirical testability hinged on the market portfolio but the argument that the true market portfolio cannot be inspected poses serious limitation to the acceptability of the model.Thus, Ross (1976) argues persuasively that since the market portfolio is not identifiable the CAPM has never been tested and never will it be. Roll (1977) extended the criticisms
up to the point of rejecting the CAPM completely and becomes the ardent supporter of the Ross’ (1976) Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT).The APT is an elegant model with two pricing identifications. The earlier one is called factor likelihood APT (FLAPT)while the later one is referred to pre-specified macroeconomic variables APT (PMVAPT).The PMVAPT shows a relationship between expected return and a set of randomly selected macroeconomic variables. In an equal token, the FLAPT provides intuitive linear relationship between expected return and asymptotically large latent factors.
However, the focus of this study is directed to the FLAPT which is proposed, developed and introduced to the frontier of core Finance by (Ross, 1976) and (Ross & Roll, 1977).Ross’ empirical proof of the FLAPT model is an indication that the linearity assumption of the model is a necessary condition to attain equilibrium in a market where investors arbitrage to take advantage of price differentials in order to maximize their utilities. Therefore, investors hold arbitrage portfolios that allow them to maximize return by varying the proportions of their assets but leaving the total investable income unchanged. The latent factors attached to these portfolios are the covariance risks which are measures of risk factors investors cannot eliminate/reduce through diversification.The popular opinion of the FLAPT is that the latent factors or the unobservable market factors explain variations in asset return better than the CAPM beta factor; therefore
in an ideal capital market their some risk factors which investors cannot observe yet they command risk premium. The empirical testability of the FLAPT right from inspection begins with the work of (Gehr, 1975).He employs principal components analysis (PCA) method to extract the common factors and then
regresses them against average return and finds that only one factor is significant in explain asset return while Ross and Roll’s (1980) test provides evidence for three priced factors.In a recent time,Mohseni (2007),Tursoy, Guisel and Rjoub (2008)examine the empirical validity of the FLAPT model and find that the pricing identification of this model suffices to explain average return very well; even Subramanyam (2010)has made important contribution. The beauty of this model is that it helps to reveal the
market risks that cannot be identified using the CAPM and its subsequent versions. Hence, a market that has not been subjected toFLAPT test will undoubtedly leave its participants to be completely unaware of un-diversifiable latent risks.Our survey of literature has revealed that much of the works on the FLAPT are centered on advanced and Asian emerging countries neglecting most of the African nations particularly Nigeria. Several studies such as Asaolu and Ogunmuyiwa (2011),Izedonmi and Abdullahi (2011) have made attempts in Nigeria to shrink this gap but they fail to subject their studies to two
-pass regression technique. Also, their studies are only based on macroeconomic variables and therefore do not incorporate the contracting tests.
In the spirit to ameliorate this egregious shortcoming, we are motivated to price the FLAPT identification in Nigerian stock market with the aim of determining the number of the latent factors that investors cannot avoid no matter the level of their diversification.However, the outline for this study is organized as follows: section 1 introduction which we have already discussed, section 2, reviews the prior literature works of some selected authors, section 3, describes the methodology and data; while empirical findings, concluding remarks and recommendations are respectively presented in sections 4,5,& 6.
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The foundational works on asset pricing models begin with the development of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)by (Shape, 1964) and late(Lintner, 1965). The CAPM is a single factor model whose empirical testability hinged on the market portfolio but the argument that the true market portfolio cannot be inspected poses serious limitation to the acceptability of the model.Thus, Ross (1976) argues persuasively that since the market portfolio is not identifiable the CAPM has never been tested and never will it be. Roll (1977) extended the criticismsup to the point of rejecting the CAPM completely and becomes the ardent supporter of the Ross’ (1976) Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT).The APT is an elegant model with two pricing identifications. The earlier one is called factor likelihood APT (FLAPT)while the later one is referred to pre-specified macroeconomic variables APT (PMVAPT).The PMVAPT shows a relationship between expected return and a set of randomly selected macroeconomic variables. In an equal token, the FLAPT provides intuitive linear relationship between expected return and asymptotically large latent factors.However, the focus of this study is directed to the FLAPT which is proposed, developed and introduced to the frontier of core Finance by (Ross, 1976) and (Ross & Roll, 1977).Ross’ empirical proof of the FLAPT model is an indication that the linearity assumption of the model is a necessary condition to attain equilibrium in a market where investors arbitrage to take advantage of price differentials in order to maximize their utilities. Therefore, investors hold arbitrage portfolios that allow them to maximize return by varying the proportions of their assets but leaving the total investable income unchanged. The latent factors attached to these portfolios are the covariance risks which are measures of risk factors investors cannot eliminate/reduce through diversification.The popular opinion of the FLAPT is that the latent factors or the unobservable market factors explain variations in asset return better than the CAPM beta factor; thereforein an ideal capital market their some risk factors which investors cannot observe yet they command risk premium. The empirical testability of the FLAPT right from inspection begins with the work of (Gehr, 1975).He employs principal components analysis (PCA) method to extract the common factors and then regresses them against average return and finds that only one factor is significant in explain asset return while Ross and Roll’s (1980) test provides evidence for three priced factors.In a recent time,Mohseni (2007),Tursoy, Guisel and Rjoub (2008)examine the empirical validity of the FLAPT model and find that the pricing identification of this model suffices to explain average return very well; even Subramanyam (2010)has made important contribution. The beauty of this model is that it helps to reveal the market risks that cannot be identified using the CAPM and its subsequent versions. Hence, a market that has not been subjected toFLAPT test will undoubtedly leave its participants to be completely unaware of un-diversifiable latent risks.Our survey of literature has revealed that much of the works on the FLAPT are centered on advanced and Asian emerging countries neglecting most of the African nations particularly Nigeria. Several studies such as Asaolu and Ogunmuyiwa (2011),Izedonmi and Abdullahi (2011) have made attempts in Nigeria to shrink this gap but they fail to subject their studies to two-pass regression technique. Also, their studies are only based on macroeconomic variables and therefore do not incorporate the contracting tests.In the spirit to ameliorate this egregious shortcoming, we are motivated to price the FLAPT identification in Nigerian stock market with the aim of determining the number of the latent factors that investors cannot avoid no matter the level of their diversification.However, the outline for this study is organized as follows: section 1 introduction which we have already discussed, section 2, reviews the prior literature works of some selected authors, section 3, describes the methodology and data; while empirical findings, concluding remarks and recommendations are respectively presented in sections 4,5,& 6.
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Karya-karya dasar pada model asset pricing dimulai dengan perkembangan Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) oleh (Shape, 1964) dan akhir (Lintner, 1965). CAPM adalah model faktor tunggal yang empiris testability bergantung pada portofolio pasar tetapi argumen bahwa portofolio pasar yang benar tidak dapat diperiksa menimbulkan pembatasan yang serius terhadap penerimaan dari model.Thus, Ross (1976) berpendapat persuasif bahwa sejak portofolio pasar tidak diidentifikasi CAPM belum pernah diuji dan tidak akan. Roll (1977) diperpanjang kritik
sampai ke titik menolak CAPM sepenuhnya dan menjadi pendukung setia dari Ross '(1976) Teori Arbitrage Pricing (APT) .suatu APT adalah model elegan dengan dua identifikasi harga. Sebelumnya satu disebut faktor kemungkinan APT (FLAPT) sedangkan yang kemudian disebut pra-ditentukan variabel makroekonomi APT (PMVAPT) .suatu PMVAPT menunjukkan hubungan antara pengembalian yang diharapkan dan satu set variabel ekonomi makro yang dipilih secara acak. Dalam sebuah tanda yang sama, FLAPT memberikan hubungan linier intuitif antara return yang diharapkan dan faktor laten asimtotik besar.
Namun, fokus penelitian ini diarahkan ke FLAPT yang diusulkan, dikembangkan dan diperkenalkan ke perbatasan inti Keuangan oleh (Ross, 1976 ) dan (Ross & Roll, 1977) .Ross 'bukti empiris dari model FLAPT merupakan indikasi bahwa asumsi linearitas model adalah kondisi yang diperlukan untuk mencapai keseimbangan di pasar di mana investor arbitrase untuk mengambil keuntungan dari perbedaan harga untuk memaksimalkan utilitas mereka. Oleh karena itu, investor memegang portofolio arbitrase yang memungkinkan mereka untuk memaksimalkan laba dengan memvariasikan proporsi aset mereka tetapi meninggalkan total pendapatan investable tidak berubah. Faktor-faktor laten yang melekat pada portofolio ini adalah risiko kovarian yang ukuran faktor risiko investor tidak dapat menghilangkan / mengurangi melalui diversification.The pendapat umum dari FLAPT adalah bahwa faktor-faktor laten atau faktor pasar teramati menjelaskan variasi dalam kembali aset yang lebih baik daripada CAPM Faktor beta; Oleh karena itu
pada kondisi pasar modal yang ideal mereka beberapa faktor risiko yang investor tidak dapat mengamati namun mereka perintah premi risiko. Testability empiris dari FLAPT kanan dari pemeriksaan dimulai dengan karya (GEHR, 1975) .Dia menggunakan analisis komponen utama (PCA) metode untuk mengekstrak faktor umum dan kemudian
mengalami regresi mereka terhadap rata-rata return dan menemukan bahwa hanya salah satu faktor yang signifikan dalam menjelaskan kembali aset sementara Ross and Roll (1980) memberikan bukti tes selama tiga harga factors.In waktu terakhir, Mohseni (2007), Tursoy, Guisel dan Rjoub (2008) menguji validitas empiris dari model FLAPT dan menemukan bahwa identifikasi harga dari model ini sudah cukup untuk menjelaskan rata-rata return yang sangat baik; bahkan Subramanyam (2010) telah membuat kontribusi penting. Keindahan dari model ini adalah bahwa hal itu membantu untuk mengungkapkan
risiko pasar yang tidak dapat diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan CAPM dan versi selanjutnya. Oleh karena itu, pasar yang belum mengalami uji toFLAPT pasti akan meninggalkan peserta harus benar-benar menyadari un-didiversifikasi survei risks.Our laten sastra telah mengungkapkan bahwa banyak dari karya-karya yang FLAPT yang berpusat pada negara-negara maju dan berkembang Asia mengabaikan sebagian besar negara-negara Afrika khususnya Nigeria. Beberapa penelitian seperti Asaolu dan Ogunmuyiwa (2011), Izedonmi dan Abdullahi (2011) telah melakukan upaya-upaya di Nigeria untuk mengecilkan kesenjangan ini, tetapi mereka gagal untuk tunduk studi mereka ke dua
teknik regresi -pass. Juga, studi mereka hanya berdasarkan variabel ekonomi makro dan karena itu tidak memasukkan tes kontrak.
Dalam semangat untuk memperbaiki kekurangan mengerikan ini, kami termotivasi untuk harga identifikasi FLAPT di pasar saham Nigeria dengan tujuan menentukan jumlah yang laten faktor yang investor tidak dapat menghindari tidak peduli tingkat diversification.However mereka, garis besar penelitian ini disusun sebagai berikut: Bagian 1 pengantar yang telah kita bahas, bagian 2, ulasan sastra karya sebelumnya dari beberapa penulis yang dipilih, bagian 3, menjelaskan metodologi dan data; sementara temuan empiris, menyimpulkan pernyataan dan rekomendasi yang masing-masing disajikan dalam bagian 4,5, & 6.
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