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A new study investigates the truism

A new study investigates the truism that power magnifies personality — researchers discovered otherwise.

“Before, people thought that disposition is linked to will; it’s mainly internally driven,” said University College London psychologist Ana Guinote, who conducted the study with Mario Weick of the University of Kent and London doctoral student Alice Cai.

“Our findings show that the environment crucially triggers dispositional or counter-dispositional behavior in powerful people.”

In other words, the way we act and think are more influenced by our environment or our culture than by the power we possess.

In the study, researchers wanted to see if power influences the way we act. In three experiments, participants were given power roles—as a manager or employee, a consequential or trivial adviser on university policy—then put to tasks testing whether their normal behaviors would change.

In the first, participants were tested to tease out traits they consider important and those that are far from their consciousness. Participants with strong tendencies to see others as rude, honest, or sociable then played a word game.

For half of them the game contained neutral words like paper and board; for the rest, the game’s words brought out “counter-dispositions”—characteristics they didn’t normally consider. Those words were also relevant to the subsequent task: judging people through descriptive sentences.

For instance: “When Donald met his friend he told him he was quite smelly.” Was he honest or rude?

The neutrally primed power-holders judged others more strongly in their typical ways. But when descriptions outside their usual thinking were brought to mind, the power-holders used those instead. The lower-powered people’s perceptions remained constant.

In another experiment, participants wrote down charities they liked. A week later they chose which they’d donate to, either on a blank screen or from a list. On a blank screen, power increased the likelihood of picking favored charities. When given the list, though, the powerful chose other organizations; those lacking power weren’t swayed.

The third experiment involved people with selfish or cooperative dispositions distributing valuable tokens to themselves and others. In the neutral condition, the selfish power-holders hoarded the tokens; the sociable ones shared. When primed to act differently, this was no longer the case.

Guinote said: “Power-holders have to make quick decisions and respond to opportunities, so they often deploy automatic cognitive processes.”

Power-holders more strongly express their characters, but they are also susceptible to manipulations of environmental cues—much more than less-powerful people, who act deliberatively and have less extreme but more consistent preferences.

Researchers say that this means that “organizational culture and social norms have an incredible power to influence power-holders.”

But no Orwellian manipulation is needed. “It’s enough to have a culture around them or tasks to do that call for desirable behaviors.”

Thus, culture can bring out collaboration or authoritarianism, sociability or greed in the people who wield influence and power.
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A new study investigates the truism that power magnifies personality — researchers discovered otherwise.“Before, people thought that disposition is linked to will; it’s mainly internally driven,” said University College London psychologist Ana Guinote, who conducted the study with Mario Weick of the University of Kent and London doctoral student Alice Cai.“Our findings show that the environment crucially triggers dispositional or counter-dispositional behavior in powerful people.”In other words, the way we act and think are more influenced by our environment or our culture than by the power we possess.In the study, researchers wanted to see if power influences the way we act. In three experiments, participants were given power roles—as a manager or employee, a consequential or trivial adviser on university policy—then put to tasks testing whether their normal behaviors would change.In the first, participants were tested to tease out traits they consider important and those that are far from their consciousness. Participants with strong tendencies to see others as rude, honest, or sociable then played a word game.For half of them the game contained neutral words like paper and board; for the rest, the game’s words brought out “counter-dispositions”—characteristics they didn’t normally consider. Those words were also relevant to the subsequent task: judging people through descriptive sentences.For instance: “When Donald met his friend he told him he was quite smelly.” Was he honest or rude?The neutrally primed power-holders judged others more strongly in their typical ways. But when descriptions outside their usual thinking were brought to mind, the power-holders used those instead. The lower-powered people’s perceptions remained constant.In another experiment, participants wrote down charities they liked. A week later they chose which they’d donate to, either on a blank screen or from a list. On a blank screen, power increased the likelihood of picking favored charities. When given the list, though, the powerful chose other organizations; those lacking power weren’t swayed.The third experiment involved people with selfish or cooperative dispositions distributing valuable tokens to themselves and others. In the neutral condition, the selfish power-holders hoarded the tokens; the sociable ones shared. When primed to act differently, this was no longer the case.Guinote said: “Power-holders have to make quick decisions and respond to opportunities, so they often deploy automatic cognitive processes.”Power-holders more strongly express their characters, but they are also susceptible to manipulations of environmental cues—much more than less-powerful people, who act deliberatively and have less extreme but more consistent preferences.Researchers say that this means that “organizational culture and social norms have an incredible power to influence power-holders.”But no Orwellian manipulation is needed. “It’s enough to have a culture around them or tasks to do that call for desirable behaviors.”Thus, culture can bring out collaboration or authoritarianism, sociability or greed in the people who wield influence and power.
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Sebuah studi baru meneliti disangkal bahwa kekuatan memperbesar kepribadian - peneliti menemukan sebaliknya. "Sebelumnya, orang mengira disposisi yang terkait dengan kemauan; itu terutama internal didorong, "kata psikolog University College London Ana Guinote, yang melakukan penelitian dengan Mario Weick dari University of Kent dan London mahasiswa doktoral Alice Cai." Temuan kami menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan krusial memicu perilaku disposisional atau counter-disposisional di kuat orang. "Dengan kata lain, cara kita bertindak dan berpikir lebih dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan kita atau budaya kita daripada kekuatan yang kita miliki. Dalam studi tersebut, peneliti ingin melihat apakah kekuatan mempengaruhi cara kita bertindak. Dalam tiga percobaan, peserta diberi kekuatan peran-sebagai manajer atau karyawan, penasihat konsekuensial atau sepele di universitas kebijakan-kemudian dimasukkan ke tugas pengujian apakah perilaku normal mereka akan berubah. Pada bagian pertama, peserta diuji untuk menggoda keluar sifat mereka anggap penting dan mereka yang jauh dari kesadaran mereka. Peserta dengan kecenderungan yang kuat untuk melihat orang lain sebagai kasar, jujur, atau bersosialisasi kemudian memainkan permainan kata. Selama setengah dari mereka permainan yang terdapat kata-kata netral seperti kertas dan papan; sisanya, kata permainan mengeluarkan "kontra-disposisi" -characteristics mereka tidak biasanya dipertimbangkan. Kata-kata itu juga relevan dengan tugas berikutnya: menilai orang melalui kalimat deskriptif. Misalnya: "Ketika Donald bertemu temannya dia mengatakan bahwa dia cukup bau." Apakah dia jujur ​​atau kasar? The netral prima pemegang kekuasaan dinilai orang lain lebih kuat cara khas mereka. Tapi ketika deskripsi luar pemikiran yang biasa mereka dibawa ke pikiran, kekuatan pemegang digunakan mereka sebagai gantinya. Persepsi yang lebih rendah bertenaga rakyat tetap konstan. Dalam eksperimen lain, peserta menuliskan amal yang mereka sukai. Seminggu kemudian mereka memilih yang mereka akan disumbangkan ke, baik pada layar kosong atau dari daftar. Pada layar kosong, kekuasaan meningkatkan kemungkinan memilih amal disukai. Ketika diberi daftar, meskipun, kuat memilih organisasi lain; mereka kekuatan kurang tidak terpengaruh. Percobaan ketiga yang terlibat orang dengan disposisi egois atau koperasi mendistribusikan token berharga untuk diri mereka sendiri dan orang lain. Dalam kondisi netral, yang egois pemegang kekuasaan ditimbun token; yang bergaul bersama. Ketika prima untuk bertindak berbeda, ini tidak lagi terjadi. Guinote mengatakan: "Power-pemegang harus membuat keputusan yang cepat dan merespon peluang, sehingga mereka sering menggunakan proses kognitif otomatis." Power-pemegang lebih kuat mengekspresikan karakter mereka, tetapi mereka juga rentan terhadap manipulasi isyarat-jauh lingkungan lebih dari orang kurang kuat, yang bertindak deliberatively dan memiliki preferensi kurang ekstrim tapi lebih konsisten. Para peneliti mengatakan bahwa ini berarti bahwa "budaya organisasi dan norma-norma sosial memiliki kekuatan luar biasa untuk mempengaruhi pemegang kekuasaan . "Tapi tidak ada manipulasi Orwellian diperlukan. "Ini cukup untuk memiliki budaya di sekitar mereka atau tugas untuk melakukan panggilan untuk perilaku yang diinginkan." Dengan demikian, budaya dapat membawa keluar kolaborasi atau otoritarianisme, sosialisasi atau keserakahan pada orang-orang yang memegang pengaruh dan kekuasaan.





























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