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By ETHAN BRONNER
Published: July 6, 2008
JERUSALEM — A three-foot-tall tablet with 87 lines of Hebrew that scholars believe dates from the decades just before the birth of Jesus is causing a quiet stir in biblical and archaeological circles, especially because it may speak of a messiah who will rise from the dead after three days.

Enlarge This Image

Dominic Buettner for The New York Times
When David Jeselsohn bought an ancient tablet, above, he was unaware of its significance.
If such a messianic description really is there, it will contribute to a developing re-evaluation of both popular and scholarly views of Jesus, since it suggests that the story of his death and resurrection was not unique but part of a recognized Jewish tradition at the time.

The tablet, probably found near the Dead Sea in Jordan according to some scholars who have studied it, is a rare example of a stone with ink writings from that era — in essence, a Dead Sea Scroll on stone.

It is written, not engraved, across two neat columns, similar to columns in a Torah. But the stone is broken, and some of the text is faded, meaning that much of what it says is open to debate.

Still, its authenticity has so far faced no challenge, so its role in helping to understand the roots of Christianity in the devastating political crisis faced by the Jews of the time seems likely to increase.

Daniel Boyarin, a professor of Talmudic culture at the University of California at Berkeley, said that the stone was part of a growing body of evidence suggesting that Jesus could be best understood through a close reading of the Jewish history of his day.

“Some Christians will find it shocking — a challenge to the uniqueness of their theology — while others will be comforted by the idea of it being a traditional part of Judaism,” Mr. Boyarin said.

Given the highly charged atmosphere surrounding all Jesus-era artifacts and writings, both in the general public and in the fractured and fiercely competitive scholarly community, as well as the concern over forgery and charlatanism, it will probably be some time before the tablet’s contribution is fully assessed. It has been around 60 years since the Dead Sea Scrolls were uncovered, and they continue to generate enormous controversy regarding their authors and meaning.

The scrolls, documents found in the Qumran caves of the West Bank, contain some of the only known surviving copies of biblical writings from before the first century A.D. In addition to quoting from key books of the Bible, the scrolls describe a variety of practices and beliefs of a Jewish sect at the time of Jesus.

How representative the descriptions are and what they tell us about the era are still strongly debated. For example, a question that arises is whether the authors of the scrolls were members of a monastic sect or in fact mainstream. A conference marking 60 years since the discovery of the scrolls will begin on Sunday at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, where the stone, and the debate over whether it speaks of a resurrected messiah, as one iconoclastic scholar believes, also will be discussed.

Oddly, the stone is not really a new discovery. It was found about a decade ago and bought from a Jordanian antiquities dealer by an Israeli-Swiss collector who kept it in his Zurich home. When an Israeli scholar examined it closely a few years ago and wrote a paper on it last year, interest began to rise. There is now a spate of scholarly articles on the stone, with several due to be published in the coming months.

“I couldn’t make much out of it when I got it,” said David Jeselsohn, the owner, who is himself an expert in antiquities. “I didn’t realize how significant it was until I showed it to Ada Yardeni, who specializes in Hebrew writing, a few years ago. She was overwhelmed. ‘You have got a Dead Sea Scroll on stone,’ she told me.”

Much of the text, a vision of the apocalypse transmitted by the angel Gabriel, draws on the Old Testament, especially the prophets Daniel, Zechariah and Haggai.

Ms. Yardeni, who analyzed the stone along with Binyamin Elitzur, is an expert on Hebrew script, especially of the era of King Herod, who died in 4 B.C. The two of them published a long analysis of the stone more than a year ago in Cathedra, a Hebrew-language quarterly devoted to the history and archaeology of Israel, and said that, based on the shape of the script and the language, the text dated from the late first century B.C.

A chemical examination by Yuval Goren, a professor of archaeology at Tel Aviv University who specializes in the verification of ancient artifacts, has been submitted to a peer-review journal. He declined to give details of his analysis until publication, but he said that he knew of no reason to doubt the stone’s authenticity.

It was in Cathedra that Israel Knohl, an iconoclastic professor of Bible studies at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, first heard of the stone, which Ms. Yardeni and Mr. Elitzur dubbed “Gabriel’s Revelation,” also the title of their article. Mr. Knohl posited in a book published in 2000 the idea of a suffering messiah before Jesus, using a variety of rabbinic and early apocalyptic literature as well as the Dead Sea Scrolls. But his theory did not shake the world of Christology as he had hoped, partly because he had no textual evidence from before Jesus.

When he read “Gabriel’s Revelation,” he said, he believed he saw what he needed to solidify his thesis, and he has published his argument in the latest issue of The Journal of Religion.

Mr. Knohl is part of a larger scholarly movement that focuses on the political atmosphere in Jesus’ day as an important explanation of that era’s messianic spirit. As he notes, after the death of Herod, Jewish rebels sought to throw off the yoke of the Rome-supported monarchy, so the rise of a major Jewish independence fighter could take on messianic overtones.

In Mr. Knohl’s interpretation, the specific messianic figure embodied on the stone could be a man named Simon who was slain by a commander in the Herodian army, according to the first-century historian Josephus. The writers of the stone’s passages were probably Simon’s followers, Mr. Knohl contends.

The slaying of Simon, or any case of the suffering messiah, is seen as a necessary step toward national salvation, he says, pointing to lines 19 through 21 of the tablet — “In three days you will know that evil will be defeated by justice” — and other lines that speak of blood and slaughter as pathways to justice.

To make his case about the importance of the stone, Mr. Knohl focuses especially on line 80, which begins clearly with the words “L’shloshet yamin,” meaning “in three days.” The next word of the line was deemed partially illegible by Ms. Yardeni and Mr. Elitzur, but Mr. Knohl, who is an expert on the language of the Bible and Talmud, says the word is “hayeh,” or “live” in the imperative. It has an unusual spelling, but it is one in keeping with the era.

Two more hard-to-read words come later, and Mr. Knohl said he believed that he had deciphered them as well, so that the line reads, “In three days you shall live, I, Gabriel, command you.”

To whom is the archangel speaking? The next line says “Sar hasarin,” or prince of princes. Since the Book of Daniel, one of the primary sources for the Gabriel text, speaks of Gabriel and of “a prince of princes,” Mr. Knohl contends that the stone’s writings are about the death of a leader of the Jews who will be resurrected in three days.

He says further that such a suffering messiah is very different from the traditional Jewish image of the messiah as a triumphal, powerful descendant of King David.

“This should shake our basic view of Christianity,” he said as he sat in his office of the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem where he is a senior fellow in addition to being the Yehezkel Kaufman Professor of Biblical Studies at Hebrew University. “Resurrection after three days becomes a motif developed before Jesus, which runs contrary to nearly all scholarship. What happens in the New Testament was adopted by Jesus and his followers based on an earlier messiah story.”

Ms. Yardeni said she was impressed with the reading and considered it indeed likely that the key illegible word was “hayeh,” or “live.” Whether that means Simon is the messiah under discussion, she is less sure.

Moshe Bar-Asher, president of the Israeli Academy of Hebrew Language and emeritus professor of Hebrew and Aramaic at the Hebrew University, said he spent a long time studying the text and considered it authentic, dating from no later than the first century B.C. His 25-page paper on the stone will be published in the coming months.

Regarding Mr. Knohl’s thesis, Mr. Bar-Asher is also respectful but cautious. “There is one problem,” he said. “In crucial places of the text there is lack of text. I understand Knohl’s tendency to find there keys to the pre-Christian period, but in two to three crucial lines of text there are a lot of missing words.”

Moshe Idel, a professor of Jewish thought at Hebrew University, said that given the way every tiny fragment from that era yielded scores of articles and books, “Gabriel’s Revelation” and Mr. Knohl’s analysis deserved serious attention. “Here we have a real stone with a real text,” he said. “This is truly significant.”

Mr. Knohl said that it was less important whether Simon was the messiah of the stone than the fact that it strongly suggested that a savior who died and rose after three days was an established concept at the time of Jesus. He notes that in the Gospels, Jesus makes numerous predictions of his suffering and New Testament scholars say such predictions must have been written in by later followers because there was no such idea present in his day.

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diterbitkan: 6 Juli 2008
JERUSALEM — tablet setinggi tiga kaki dengan baris 87 Ibrani yang cendekiawan percaya tanggal dari dekade sebelum kelahiran Yesus menyebabkan kegemparan tenang di kalangan Alkitab dan arkeologi, terutama karena itu mungkin berbicara tentang Mesias yang akan bangkit dari antara orang mati setelah tiga hari.

memperbesar gambar ini

Dominic Buettner untuk The New York Times
ketika David Jeselsohn membeli tablet kuno, di atas, dia tidak menyadari arti.
jika Deskripsi Mesianik seperti benar-benar ada, itu akan memberikan kontribusi untuk re-berkembang evaluasi ilmiah dan populer pemandangan Yesus, karena itu menunjukkan bahwa cerita tentang kematian dan kebangkitanNya adalah tidak unik tetapi bagian dari tradisi bangsa Yahudi yang diakui pada waktu

tablet, mungkin ditemukan di laut mati di Yordania menurut beberapa sarjana yang telah mempelajari itu, adalah sebuah contoh langka dari batu dengan tinta tulisan dari masa itu — pada intinya, sebuah gulungan kitab laut mati pada batu.

tertulis, tidak terukir, melintasi dua kolom yang rapi, mirip dengan kolom dalam Taurat. Tetapi batu rusak, dan beberapa teks memudar, berarti bahwa banyak dari apa yang dikatakannya terbuka untuk debat.

masih, keasliannya sejauh menghadapi tantangan tidak, sehingga perannya dalam membantu untuk memahami akar Kekristianan dalam krisis politik menghancurkan yang dihadapi oleh orang-orang Yahudi dari waktu tampaknya cenderung meningkat.

Daniel Boyarin, seorang profesor Talmud budaya di University of California di Berkeley, mengatakan bahwa batu adalah bagian dari tubuh tumbuh bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa Yesus dapat terbaik dipahami melalui membaca sejarah Yahudi dimasanya.

"Beberapa orang Kristen akan menemukannya mengejutkan — sebuah tantangan untuk keunikan teologi mereka — sementara orang lain akan merasa terhibur oleh gagasan itu menjadi bagian tradisional dari Yudaisme," kata Mr Boyarin.

mengingat sangat bermuatan suasana sekitarnya semua artefak Yesus-era dan tulisan-tulisan, dalam masyarakat umum dan komunitas akademisi retak dan sangat kompetitif, serta perhatian atas pemalsuan dan kekacauannya, itu mungkin akan beberapa waktu sebelum tablet kontribusi sepenuhnya dinilai. Sudah sekitar 60 tahun sejak gulungan Laut Mati ditemukan, dan mereka terus menghasilkan besar kontroversi mengenai mereka penulis dan makna.

gulungan, dokumen-dokumen yang ditemukan di gua-gua Qumran tepi Barat, mengandung beberapa salinan hanya diketahui masih hidup dari tulisan-tulisan Alkitab dari sebelum abad pertama Masehi Selain mengutip dari buku-buku kunci Alkitab, gulungan menggambarkan berbagai kepercayaan dari sekte Yahudi pada zaman Yesus.

Bagaimana perwakilan Deskripsi dan apa yang mereka memberitahu kita tentang era yang masih sangat diperdebatkan. Misalnya, pertanyaan yang muncul adalah apakah penulis gulungan adalah anggota dari sebuah mazhab monastik atau bahkan mainstream. Sebuah konferensi yang menandai 60 tahun sejak penemuan gulungan akan dimulai pada hari Minggu di Museum Israel di Yerusalem, di mana batu, dan perdebatan mengenai apakah berbicara tentang Mesias yang dibangkitkan telah, sebagai seorang cendekiawan ikonoklastik percaya, juga akan dibahas.

Anehnya, batu ini tidak benar-benar penemuan baru. Ditemukan sekitar satu dekade yang lalu dan membeli dari dealer Jordanian antiquities oleh kolektor Israel-Swiss yang memeliharanya di Zurich nya rumah. Ketika seorang sarjana Israel menelitinya erat beberapa tahun yang lalu dan menulis sebuah makalah tentang itu tahun lalu, bunga mulai meningkat. Sekarang ada serentetan artikel akademis dari batu, dengan beberapa akan diterbitkan dalam beberapa bulan mendatang.

"Aku tidak bisa membuat banyak dari itu ketika aku mendapatkannya," kata David Jeselsohn, pemilik, yang adalah seorang ahli dalam antiquities dirinya sendiri. "Aku tidak menyadari betapa pentingnya itu sampai saya menunjukkan kepada Ada Yardeni, yang mengkhususkan diri dalam Ibrani menulis, beberapa tahun yang lalu. Dia kewalahan. "Anda sudah mendapat sebuah gulungan laut mati pada batu,' katanya kepadaku."

Banyak teks, visi Wahyu ditransmisikan oleh malaikat Gabriel, menarik pada perjanjian lama, terutama para nabi Daniel, Zakariah dan Hagai.

ms Yardeni, yang dianalisis batu bersama dengan Binyamin Elitzur, adalah seorang ahli pada script Ibrani, terutama dari zaman Raja Herodes, yang meninggal di 4 B.C. Mereka berdua diterbitkan analisis yang panjang batu lebih dari setahun yang lalu di Cathedra, berbahasa Ibrani kuartalan dikhususkan untuk sejarah dan arkeologi Israel, dan mengatakan bahwa, berdasarkan bentuk script dan bahasa, teks tanggal dari akhir abad pertama B.C.

A kimia pemeriksaan oleh Yuval Goren, Profesor arkeologi di Tel Aviv University yang mengkhususkan diri dalam verifikasi artefak kuno, telah diserahkan kepada jurnal peer-review. Dia menolak untuk memberikan rincian analisis sampai publikasi, tetapi ia berkata bahwa ia tahu tidak ada alasan untuk meragukan keaslian batu.

itu di Cathedra Knohl Israel itu, Profesor ikonoklastik Alkitab studi di Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem, pertama kali mendengar batu, yang ibu Yardeni dan Bapak Elitzur dijuluki "Gabriel Wahyu," juga judul artikel mereka. Tn. Knohl mengemukakan dalam sebuah buku yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2000 ide Mesias penderitaan sebelum Yesus, menggunakan berbagai literatur apokaliptik rabbinik dan awal seperti halnya gulungan Laut Mati. Tapi teorinya tidak mengguncang dunia Kristologi seperti yang ia harapkan, sebagian karena ia ada bukti tekstual dari sebelum Yesus

ketika dia membaca "Gabriel Wahyu," katanya, ia percaya ia melihat apa yang ia butuhkan untuk memperkuat tesis-nya, dan ia telah menerbitkan argumennya di edisi terbaru dari The Journal of agama.

Mr. Knohl adalah bagian dari gerakan ilmiah yang lebih besar yang berfokus pada suasana politik dimasa Yesus sebagai penjelasan penting masa itu semangat Mesianik. Saat dia catatan, setelah kematian Herodes, pemberontak Yahudi berusaha untuk membuang kuk monarki Roma-didukung sehingga munculnya seorang pejuang kemerdekaan Yahudi yang besar bisa mengambil pada nada Mesianik.

di Mr Knohl's interpretasi, angka Mesianik tertentu yang terkandung di batu bisa menjadi seorang pria bernama Simon yang dibunuh oleh seorang komandan di tentara Herodian, menurut Josephus sejarawan abad pertama. Para penulis dari ayat-ayat batu itu mungkin pengikut Simon, Mr Knohl berpendapat.

pembunuhan Simon, atau hal apapun Mesias penderitaan, dilihat sebagai langkah yang diperlukan menuju keselamatan Nasional, katanya, menunjuk ke baris 19 melalui 21 tablet — "dalam tiga hari Anda akan tahu bahwa kejahatan akan dikalahkan oleh keadilan" — dan jalur lainnya yang berbicara tentang darah dan pembantaian sebagai jalur ke keadilan.

untuk membuat kasusnya tentang pentingnya batu, Mr Knohl berfokus terutama pada garis 80, yang dimulai dengan jelas dengan kata-kata "L'shloshet yamin," berarti "dalam tiga hari."Kata berikutnya dari garis dianggap sebagian terbaca oleh Ms. Yardeni dan Tn. Elitzur, tapi Mr Knohl, yang adalah seorang ahli bahasa Alkitab dan Talmud, mengatakan kata"hayeh", atau"hidup"di pihak lain keharusan. Ini memiliki ejaan yang tidak biasa, tetapi itu adalah salah satu sesuai dengan era.

kedua lebih sulit-untuk-membaca kata-kata datang nanti, dan Mr Knohl mengatakan ia percaya bahwa ia telah diuraikan mereka juga, sehingga garis berbunyi, "Dalam tiga hari engkau akan hidup, Gabriel, perintah-ku kepadamu."

Kepada siapa adalah malaikat yang berbicara? Baris berikutnya menyatakan "Sar hasarin", atau Pangeran Pangeran. Karena Kitab Daniel, salah satu sumber utama untuk teks Gabriel, berbicara Gabriel dan "Pangeran Pangeran," Mr. Knohl berpendapat bahwa tulisan-tulisan batu itu adalah tentang kematian seorang pemimpin Yahudi yang akan dibangkitkan dalam tiga hari.

katanya lebih lanjut seperti Mesias penderitaan sangat berbeda dari gambaran Yahudi tradisional Mesias sebagai kemenangan, kuat keturunan raja Daud.

"ini harus goyang pandangan kami dasar kekristenan,"katanya saat ia duduk di kantornya Shalom Hartman Institute di mana dia adalah rekan senior selain Yehezkel Kaufman profesor dari Alkitab studi di Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem."Kebangkitan setelah tiga hari menjadi motif dikembangkan sebelum Yesus, yang bertentangan dengan hampir semua beasiswa. Apa yang terjadi dalam Perjanjian Baru diadopsi oleh Yesus dan para pengikutnya berdasarkan cerita Mesias sebelumnya."

Ms. Yardeni mengatakan dia terkesan dengan membaca dan menganggap hal itu memang mungkin bahwa kata kunci yang terbaca adalah "hayeh", atau "hidup." Apakah itu berarti Simon adalah Mesias dalam diskusi, dia kurang yakin.

Moshe Bar-Asyer, Presiden Israel Akademi bahasa Ibrani dan profesor emeritus dari bahasa Ibrani dan Aramaik di Hebrew University, mengatakan ia menghabiskan waktu lama belajar teks dan menganggapnya otentik, berasal dari selambat-lambatnya diabad pertama B.C. Kertas 25 halaman batu akan diterbitkan dalam bulan-bulan mendatang

tesis mengenai Tn. Knohl, Mr Bar-Asyer juga sopan tapi berhati-hati. "Ada satu masalah," katanya. "Di tempat-tempat penting teks ada kurangnya teks. Saya memahami Knohl dari kecenderungan untuk menemukan ada tombol untuk periode pra-Kristen, tapi dalam dua sampai tiga baris penting teks tidak banyak kata-kata hilang."

Moshe Idel, seorang profesor Yahudi pemikiran di Hebrew University, mengatakan bahwa mengingat cara setiap fragmen kecil dari era itu menghasilkan puluhan artikel dan buku, "Gabriel Wahyu" dan analisis Mr Knohl pantas perhatian serius. "Di sini kita memiliki batu nyata dengan teks yang nyata," katanya. "Ini benar-benar penting."

Mr. Knohl mengatakan bahwa hal itu kurang penting apakah Simon adalah Mesias batu daripada fakta bahwa itu sangat dianjurkan bahwa Juruselamat yang telah mati dan bangkit sesudah tiga hari adalah sebuah konsep yang didirikan di zaman Yesus. Dia mencatat bahwa dalam Injil, Yesus membuat prediksi banyak penderitaan dan Sarjana PB mengatakan prediksi semacam itu harus ditulis dalam oleh pengikut kemudian karena ada tidak seperti ide yang hadir dalam zamannya.

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Ancient Tablet Ignites Debate on Messiah and Resurrection
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By ETHAN BRONNER
Published: July 6, 2008
JERUSALEM — A three-foot-tall tablet with 87 lines of Hebrew that scholars believe dates from the decades just before the birth of Jesus is causing a quiet stir in biblical and archaeological circles, especially because it may speak of a messiah who will rise from the dead after three days.

Enlarge This Image

Dominic Buettner for The New York Times
When David Jeselsohn bought an ancient tablet, above, he was unaware of its significance.
If such a messianic description really is there, it will contribute to a developing re-evaluation of both popular and scholarly views of Jesus, since it suggests that the story of his death and resurrection was not unique but part of a recognized Jewish tradition at the time.

The tablet, probably found near the Dead Sea in Jordan according to some scholars who have studied it, is a rare example of a stone with ink writings from that era — in essence, a Dead Sea Scroll on stone.

It is written, not engraved, across two neat columns, similar to columns in a Torah. But the stone is broken, and some of the text is faded, meaning that much of what it says is open to debate.

Still, its authenticity has so far faced no challenge, so its role in helping to understand the roots of Christianity in the devastating political crisis faced by the Jews of the time seems likely to increase.

Daniel Boyarin, a professor of Talmudic culture at the University of California at Berkeley, said that the stone was part of a growing body of evidence suggesting that Jesus could be best understood through a close reading of the Jewish history of his day.

“Some Christians will find it shocking — a challenge to the uniqueness of their theology — while others will be comforted by the idea of it being a traditional part of Judaism,” Mr. Boyarin said.

Given the highly charged atmosphere surrounding all Jesus-era artifacts and writings, both in the general public and in the fractured and fiercely competitive scholarly community, as well as the concern over forgery and charlatanism, it will probably be some time before the tablet’s contribution is fully assessed. It has been around 60 years since the Dead Sea Scrolls were uncovered, and they continue to generate enormous controversy regarding their authors and meaning.

The scrolls, documents found in the Qumran caves of the West Bank, contain some of the only known surviving copies of biblical writings from before the first century A.D. In addition to quoting from key books of the Bible, the scrolls describe a variety of practices and beliefs of a Jewish sect at the time of Jesus.

How representative the descriptions are and what they tell us about the era are still strongly debated. For example, a question that arises is whether the authors of the scrolls were members of a monastic sect or in fact mainstream. A conference marking 60 years since the discovery of the scrolls will begin on Sunday at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem, where the stone, and the debate over whether it speaks of a resurrected messiah, as one iconoclastic scholar believes, also will be discussed.

Oddly, the stone is not really a new discovery. It was found about a decade ago and bought from a Jordanian antiquities dealer by an Israeli-Swiss collector who kept it in his Zurich home. When an Israeli scholar examined it closely a few years ago and wrote a paper on it last year, interest began to rise. There is now a spate of scholarly articles on the stone, with several due to be published in the coming months.

“I couldn’t make much out of it when I got it,” said David Jeselsohn, the owner, who is himself an expert in antiquities. “I didn’t realize how significant it was until I showed it to Ada Yardeni, who specializes in Hebrew writing, a few years ago. She was overwhelmed. ‘You have got a Dead Sea Scroll on stone,’ she told me.”

Much of the text, a vision of the apocalypse transmitted by the angel Gabriel, draws on the Old Testament, especially the prophets Daniel, Zechariah and Haggai.

Ms. Yardeni, who analyzed the stone along with Binyamin Elitzur, is an expert on Hebrew script, especially of the era of King Herod, who died in 4 B.C. The two of them published a long analysis of the stone more than a year ago in Cathedra, a Hebrew-language quarterly devoted to the history and archaeology of Israel, and said that, based on the shape of the script and the language, the text dated from the late first century B.C.

A chemical examination by Yuval Goren, a professor of archaeology at Tel Aviv University who specializes in the verification of ancient artifacts, has been submitted to a peer-review journal. He declined to give details of his analysis until publication, but he said that he knew of no reason to doubt the stone’s authenticity.

It was in Cathedra that Israel Knohl, an iconoclastic professor of Bible studies at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, first heard of the stone, which Ms. Yardeni and Mr. Elitzur dubbed “Gabriel’s Revelation,” also the title of their article. Mr. Knohl posited in a book published in 2000 the idea of a suffering messiah before Jesus, using a variety of rabbinic and early apocalyptic literature as well as the Dead Sea Scrolls. But his theory did not shake the world of Christology as he had hoped, partly because he had no textual evidence from before Jesus.

When he read “Gabriel’s Revelation,” he said, he believed he saw what he needed to solidify his thesis, and he has published his argument in the latest issue of The Journal of Religion.

Mr. Knohl is part of a larger scholarly movement that focuses on the political atmosphere in Jesus’ day as an important explanation of that era’s messianic spirit. As he notes, after the death of Herod, Jewish rebels sought to throw off the yoke of the Rome-supported monarchy, so the rise of a major Jewish independence fighter could take on messianic overtones.

In Mr. Knohl’s interpretation, the specific messianic figure embodied on the stone could be a man named Simon who was slain by a commander in the Herodian army, according to the first-century historian Josephus. The writers of the stone’s passages were probably Simon’s followers, Mr. Knohl contends.

The slaying of Simon, or any case of the suffering messiah, is seen as a necessary step toward national salvation, he says, pointing to lines 19 through 21 of the tablet — “In three days you will know that evil will be defeated by justice” — and other lines that speak of blood and slaughter as pathways to justice.

To make his case about the importance of the stone, Mr. Knohl focuses especially on line 80, which begins clearly with the words “L’shloshet yamin,” meaning “in three days.” The next word of the line was deemed partially illegible by Ms. Yardeni and Mr. Elitzur, but Mr. Knohl, who is an expert on the language of the Bible and Talmud, says the word is “hayeh,” or “live” in the imperative. It has an unusual spelling, but it is one in keeping with the era.

Two more hard-to-read words come later, and Mr. Knohl said he believed that he had deciphered them as well, so that the line reads, “In three days you shall live, I, Gabriel, command you.”

To whom is the archangel speaking? The next line says “Sar hasarin,” or prince of princes. Since the Book of Daniel, one of the primary sources for the Gabriel text, speaks of Gabriel and of “a prince of princes,” Mr. Knohl contends that the stone’s writings are about the death of a leader of the Jews who will be resurrected in three days.

He says further that such a suffering messiah is very different from the traditional Jewish image of the messiah as a triumphal, powerful descendant of King David.

“This should shake our basic view of Christianity,” he said as he sat in his office of the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem where he is a senior fellow in addition to being the Yehezkel Kaufman Professor of Biblical Studies at Hebrew University. “Resurrection after three days becomes a motif developed before Jesus, which runs contrary to nearly all scholarship. What happens in the New Testament was adopted by Jesus and his followers based on an earlier messiah story.”

Ms. Yardeni said she was impressed with the reading and considered it indeed likely that the key illegible word was “hayeh,” or “live.” Whether that means Simon is the messiah under discussion, she is less sure.

Moshe Bar-Asher, president of the Israeli Academy of Hebrew Language and emeritus professor of Hebrew and Aramaic at the Hebrew University, said he spent a long time studying the text and considered it authentic, dating from no later than the first century B.C. His 25-page paper on the stone will be published in the coming months.

Regarding Mr. Knohl’s thesis, Mr. Bar-Asher is also respectful but cautious. “There is one problem,” he said. “In crucial places of the text there is lack of text. I understand Knohl’s tendency to find there keys to the pre-Christian period, but in two to three crucial lines of text there are a lot of missing words.”

Moshe Idel, a professor of Jewish thought at Hebrew University, said that given the way every tiny fragment from that era yielded scores of articles and books, “Gabriel’s Revelation” and Mr. Knohl’s analysis deserved serious attention. “Here we have a real stone with a real text,” he said. “This is truly significant.”

Mr. Knohl said that it was less important whether Simon was the messiah of the stone than the fact that it strongly suggested that a savior who died and rose after three days was an established concept at the time of Jesus. He notes that in the Gospels, Jesus makes numerous predictions of his suffering and New Testament scholars say such predictions must have been written in by later followers because there was no such idea present in his day.

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