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Learning the Treasure Within by Jac

Learning the Treasure Within by Jacques Delors, UNESCO, 1996


















REVIEW
While talking of education, we must bear in mind that with the advent of scripts numerous problems have taken birth. Besides who should read what and prepare for a life deprived equally by oneself and the society, numerous complications have apparently surfaced because of religion, philosophy, anthropology and politics. Each one of these areas has made claims on literacy and education. I am deliberately making a distinction between education and literacy because I believe education could not be perceived independently of human existence. Even the primitives must have passed on their `life-skills' to their children and Nature would have naturally yielded treasures at the instance of creativity and innovations. Possibly, even in those times of yore, human had a philosophy of life for guidance.

Literacy, coming along with the advent of scripts, has hastened to confuse the parameters of education. Education is the sum total of one's philosophy, religion, politics and what have you. Whereas literacy is no more than an instrument of political and social response, education covers a wide terrain. The two, therefore, need not be perceived as one beyond accepting the fact that literacy has certain inherent advantages over education like uniformity in learning, storing of information, offering an additional means of communication, etc. But literacy does not exhaust education.

However, the way literacy has created problems should not be over looked. It has helped in building pyramids of learning and class hierarchies solely on the basis of information definable in terms of quantity and quality. Whatever may have been the nature of social structures in the primitive stages of human development, one thing is certain. Their hierarchies otherwise would have been neither all that stable nor so clean-cut as they are today.

Be that as it may, education and literacy have come to be equated and are generally accepted as implicitly interchangeable terms.

The demands on education and the definition of its nature have yielded countless volumes in philosophy, religion, sociology, etc. If we have a group of people who have nothing but admiration for education and for whom it is the only key to resolving all problems we face, there are others who regard it as an instrument of class war, a means by which even the indefensible can be defended, and a trick which takes away one's peace of mind by creating a bug bear of uncertainties of future. The entire concept of market economy versus social welfare is the direct result of the wonder called education.

One wonders whether the uncertainties of future and the unstable nature of nation-states and their politics would ever help individuals regain their peace of mind and yield pleasures of existence even if such pleasures are less than permanent. Even the bodies and organisations like UNESCO have not been free from the pressures which have arisen out of the wealth and the power this wealth has created. We already have divisions in societies demarcated in terms of social classes, quality of information, goals of life corresponding to occupations people have created. In fact, the world itself has been divided on these very bases i.e. of power and pelf, and nation-states are clubbed under the economic terms `developed,' `developing' and `underdeveloped.' These terms cover a wide area of social existence, i.e., of skills, information, quality of life, political power and the like. Not content with this kind of categorisation, we have the terms like Third World countries as contrasted with the first and second world nation-states. This classification implies a condemnation of certain nation-states which are placed as the bottom rung of the ladder.

Interestingly enough, there is yet another dimension to this classification. The state of a nation's development is judged in terms of citizen's longevity, their education, social security cover, etc. These criteria seem to have been evolved more to measure the wardness of the erstwhile colonies than to discover the reasons for the advancement of the few. However, what one is not able to measure on this scale is the happiness of the nation-states. A recent survey, cited in The Times of India (22th December 1998), has revealed significantly that happiness of a people cannot be judged on the criteria evolved and accepted by the rich and advanced countries. While the USA and many European countries were found to be the unhappiest, Bangladesh topped the list of happy nation-states, with India occupying the fifth position. The top consumerist society does not necessarily also become the happiest.

In the quest for refinement of skills and for ever speedy communication of information, we have put an immense burden on the school system. Children are being given more and more information. Selection and distribution of information appear to have become the sole purpose of schooling. Education and schooling are being used as synonyms. Ranking of educational institutions is symptomatic of classification and typology of skills and information. Those institutions which are selective in these matters, put a market tag on their provisions. Consequently, not only we have classes, we have correspondingly a hierarchy in educational institutions. Seen against a world order, in which a few lucky ones are able to lap up everything, educational institutions become status symbols and knowledge/skill a branded marketable commodity.

It is against this drop that we should read Learning: The Treasure Within, a report submitted to UNESCO, Paris by an International Commission on Education for the twenty-first century headed by Jacques Delors. In the opening submission chapter by the chairman, education has been declared to be a necessary utopia. Education is declared to be "the principal means available to foster a deeper and more harmonious form of human development and thereby to reduce poverty, exclusion, ignorance, oppression and war." One would like to agree with Monsieur Delors but he has overlooked the fact that education, coupled with economic power, can itself become a source of terror and oppression. The more Americans are getting quality education, the more their thirst for power seems to become insatiable. They can attack other nation-states at will and can support dictatorships and downright terrorist nations in the name of democracy. If education can result in twisting and skewing the very purpose for which such commissions are set up, there is little hope for mankind to grow into civilised beings. Perhaps this is the reason why Delors accepts yet another reality: "The truth is that all-out economic growth can no longer be viewed as the ideal way of reconciling material progress with equity, respect for the human condition and respect for the natural assets that we have a duty to hand on in good condition to future generations."

Monsieur Delors regards "education as an ongoing process of improving knowledge and skills, it is also perhaps primarily an exceptional means of bringing about personal development and building relationships among individuals, groups and nations."

Being chairman of an international commission has its own compulsions. Therefore one must talk of education in very general, utopian perspectives. Education must be implicitly accepted as a `good' because one cannot go on regarding education merely as a tool for improving one's lot.

The commission identifies a few tensions that it regards will be central to the problems of the 21st century. They are: 1) the tension between the global and the local, i.e., local people need to become world citizens without losing their roots; 2) while culture is steadily being globalised, this development being partial is creating tension between the universal and the individual; 3) the third tension is pretty familiar to Indians the tension between tradition and modernity. Whereas for some the process of change is slow, for others it is not so, thereby creating problems of adaptation; 4) the need to balance between impatient cries for quick answers to peoples' problems and a patient, concerted, negotiated strategy of reform results in the problem/tension between long-term and short-term considerations; 5) tension arising out of human desire to complete and excel and the concern for equality of opportunity; 6) the tension between the extraordinary expansion of knowledge and the capacity of human beings to assimilate it; 7) lastly, another perennial factor the tension between the spiritual and the material.

It is the last tension which the commission thought was necessary to address. In the language of Delors; "There is, therefore, every reason to place renewed emphasis on the moral and cultural dimensions of education, enabling each person to grasp the individuality of other people and to understand the world's erratic progression towards a certain unity; but this process must begin with self-understanding through an inner voyage where milestones are knowledge, meditation and the practice of self- criticism" (p.19).

For an Indian, this paragraph should appear very familiar. One wonders whether Dr. Karan Singh had a role in its evolution. Reading Dr. Singh's write-up (pp. 225-27) one does get that impression. However, the familiar stages through which an individual acquires wisdom or is able to realise truth and face reality are Shravan, Manan and Nidhidhyasan. When one listens or reads, that is the first milestone, meditation the second and reflection the third. I can hear an Indian ring about Monsieur Delors, milestones.

While the commission acknowledges the implicit message in these milestones and the need for the establishment of wider and more far-reaching forms of international cooperation, it does not undervalue the central role of brainpower and innovation, the transition to a knowledge-driven society, the
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Belajar harta dalam oleh Jacques Delors, UNESCO, 1996 TINJAUANSementara berbicara tentang pendidikan, kita harus ingat bahwa dengan munculnya skrip banyak masalah telah mengambil kelahiran. Selain yang harus dibaca apa dan mempersiapkan diri untuk kehidupan yang dirampas sama dengan diri sendiri dan masyarakat, banyak komplikasi tampaknya telah muncul karena agama, filsafat, Antropologi dan politik. Masing-masing bidang ini telah membuat klaim melek huruf dan pendidikan. Aku sengaja membuat perbedaan antara pendidikan dan melek karena saya percaya pendidikan tidak dapat dirasakan secara independen dari eksistensi manusia. Bahkan primitif harus memiliki berlalu pada mereka 'hidup-keterampilan' anak-anak mereka dan sifat alami akan menghasilkan harta at the instance of kreativitas dan inovasi. Mungkin, bahkan pada zaman dahulu kala, manusia memiliki filsafat hidup untuk bimbingan.Keaksaraan, datang bersamaan dengan munculnya script, telah bergegas untuk membingungkan parameter pendidikan. Pendidikan adalah jumlah dari satu filsafat, agama, politik dan apa yang telah Anda. Sedangkan keaksaraan adalah tidak lebih dari instrumen respon politik dan sosial, pendidikan meliputi Medan yang luas. Kedua, oleh karena itu, tidak harus dianggap sebagai satu diluar menerima fakta bahwa melek memiliki kelebihan tertentu melekat atas pendidikan seperti keseragaman dalam belajar, menyimpan informasi, menawarkan sarana tambahan komunikasi, dll. Tapi keaksaraan belum knalpot pendidikan.Namun, cara keaksaraan telah menciptakan masalah harus tidak lebih dari melihat. Ia telah membantu dalam membangun piramida pembelajaran dan kelas hierarki semata-mata berdasarkan informasi yang diuraikan dalam hal kuantitas dan kualitas. Apa pun mungkin telah sifat struktur sosial pada tahap primitif perkembangan manusia, satu hal pasti. Hierarki mereka sebaliknya akan menjadi semua yang stabil maupun jadi rapih seperti sekarang.Jadilah bahwa sebagai mungkin, pendidikan dan melek telah disamakan dan secara umumnya diterima sebagai istilah-istilah yang secara implisit dipertukarkan.Tuntutan pada pendidikan dan definisi alam telah menghasilkan volume yang tak terhitung jumlahnya di filsafat, agama, Sosiologi, dll. Jika kita memiliki sekelompok orang yang memiliki apa-apa tetapi kekaguman untuk pendidikan dan untuk siapa itu adalah satu-satunya kunci untuk menyelesaikan semua masalah yang kita hadapi, ada orang lain yang menganggapnya sebagai alat perang kelas, sarana yang bahkan Statuta dapat dipertahankan dan trik yang akan menghapus seseorang ketenangan pikiran dengan menciptakan beruang bug ketidakpastian masa depan. Seluruh konsep ekonomi pasar versus kesejahteraan sosial adalah akibat langsung dari keajaiban disebut pendidikan.Kita bertanya-tanya apakah ketidakpastian masa depan dan sifat tidak stabil dari negara-negara dan politik mereka akan pernah membantu individu mendapatkan kembali ketenangan pikiran dan hasil kesenangan keberadaan mereka bahkan jika kesenangan tersebut kurang permanen. Bahkan tubuh dan organisasi seperti UNESCO belum bebas dari tekanan-tekanan yang timbul dari kekayaan dan kekuatan kekayaan ini telah menciptakan. Kita sudah memiliki Divisi dalam masyarakat yang ditentukan dalam kelas sosial, kualitas informasi, tujuan hidup sesuai dengan pekerjaan orang telah menciptakan. Pada kenyataannya, dunia itu sendiri telah dibagi pada pangkalan-pangkalan ini sangat yaitu dari kekuasaan dan pelf, dan negara-negara dipukuli di bawah ekonomi istilah 'berkembang,' 'berkembang' dan 'terbelakang.' Istilah-istilah ini mencakup wilayah yang luas keberadaan sosial, yaitu, keterampilan, informasi, kualitas hidup, kekuasaan politik dan sejenisnya. Tidak puas dengan kategorisasi semacam ini, kita mempunyai istilah-istilah seperti negara-negara dunia ketiga seperti kontras dengan negara-negara dunia pertama dan kedua. Klasifikasi ini menyiratkan sebuah kutukan terhadap negara-negara tertentu yang ditempatkan sebagai jenjang tangga dasar.Cukup menarik, namun ada dimensi lain klasifikasi ini. Keadaan pembangunan bangsa dinilai dari segi umur panjang warga, pendidikan mereka, Jamsostek penutup, dll. Kriteria ini tampaknya telah berkembang lebih untuk mengukur wardness bekas koloni daripada menemukan alasan untuk kemajuan sedikit. Namun, apa yang tidak mampu untuk mengukur skala ini adalah kebahagiaan negara-negara. Survei terbaru, dikutip dalam The Times of India (22 Desember 1998), telah mengungkapkan secara signifikan bahwa kebahagiaan orang-orang tidak dapat dinilai pada kriteria berevolusi dan diterima oleh negara-negara kaya dan maju. Sementara Amerika Serikat dan banyak negara Eropa yang ditemukan untuk menjadi a.n.Wilson, Bangladesh menduduki puncak daftar negara-negara yang bahagia, dengan India yang menduduki posisi kelima. Masyarakat konsumeris atas tidak selalu juga menjadi paling bahagia.Dalam upaya untuk perbaikan keterampilan dan selama-lamanya cepat komunikasi informasi, kami telah menempatkan beban yang besar pada sistem sekolah. Anak-anak diberikan lebih banyak dan informasi lebih lanjut. Seleksi dan distribusi informasi tampaknya menjadi satu-satunya tujuan sekolah. Pendidikan dan sekolah yang digunakan sebagai sinonim. Peringkat lembaga pendidikan gejala dari klasifikasi dan tipologi keahlian dan informasi. Lembaga-lembaga tersebut yang selektif dalam hal ini, menempatkan tag pasar pada ketentuan mereka. Akibatnya, tidak hanya kami memiliki kelas, kami memiliki sejalan hierarki di lembaga pendidikan. Dilihat terhadap tatanan dunia, di mana beberapa beruntung mampu putaran atas segalanya, lembaga pendidikan menjadi simbol status dan pengetahuan/keahlian komoditas dipasarkan bermerek.Ini adalah melawan drop bahwa kita harus membaca belajar: The Treasure Within, laporan yang disampaikan kepada UNESCO, Paris oleh International Commission mengenai pendidikan selama abad kedua puluh yang dipimpin oleh Jacques Delors. Dalam pembukaan bab oleh Ketua, pendidikan telah dinyatakan menjadi utopia diperlukan. Pendidikan dinyatakan "kepala berarti tersedia untuk mendorong bentuk yang lebih dalam dan lebih harmonis perkembangan manusia dan dengan demikian mengurangi kemiskinan, pengecualian, ketidaktahuan, penindasan dan perang." Salah satu ingin setuju dengan Monsieur Delors tapi ia telah mengabaikan fakta bahwa pendidikan, ditambah dengan kekuatan ekonomi, bisa menjadi sumber teror dan penindasan. Lebih Amerika mendapatkan pendidikan berkualitas, semakin mereka haus kekuasaan tampaknya menjadi tak pernah puas. Mereka dapat menyerang negara-negara lain akan dan dapat mendukung kediktatoran dan benar-benar teroris bangsa atas nama demokrasi. Jika pendidikan dapat mengakibatkan memutar dan membuat tujuan yang Komisi tersebut ditetapkan, ada sedikit harapan bagi manusia untuk tumbuh menjadi makhluk-makhluk yang beradab. Mungkin ini adalah alasan mengapa Delors menerima kenyataan lagi: "kebenaran adalah bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang habis-habisan dapat tidak lagi dilihat sebagai cara yang sesuai untuk mendamaikan kemajuan kebendaan dengan ekuitas, penghormatan terhadap kondisi manusia dan penghormatan terhadap aset-aset alam yang kita memiliki tugas untuk tangan pada kondisi yang baik untuk generasi mendatang."Monsieur Delors salam "pendidikan sebagai proses yang berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan, hal ini juga mungkin terutama cara yang luar biasa untuk membawa tentang pengembangan pribadi dan membangun hubungan antara individu, kelompok dan bangsa-bangsa."Menjadi Ketua Komisi Internasional memiliki dorongan sendiri. Oleh karena itu salah satu harus bicara pendidikan di perspektif utopis yang sangat umum. Pendidikan harus secara implisit diterima sebagai 'baik' karena salah satu tidak bisa hidup mengenai pendidikan sebagai alat untuk meningkatkan banyak seseorang.Komisi mengidentifikasi beberapa ketegangan itu Salam akan menjadi sentral untuk masalah-masalah abad ke-21. Mereka adalah: 1) ketegangan antara global dan lokal, yaitu, masyarakat setempat perlu untuk menjadi warga dunia tanpa kehilangan akar mereka; 2) sementara budaya adalah terus menjadi global terus, perkembangan ini sedang parsial adalah menciptakan ketegangan antara universal dan individu; 3) ketegangan ketiga cukup akrab bagi orang-orang Indian ketegangan antara tradisi dan modernitas. Sedangkan untuk beberapa proses perubahan lambat, orang lain tidaklah begitu, sehingga menciptakan masalah adaptasi; 4) perlu keseimbangan antara teriakan tidak sabar untuk jawaban cepat untuk masalah-masalah masyarakat dan strategi pasien, terpadu, dinegosiasikan hasil reformasi dalam masalah/ketegangan antara pertimbangan jangka panjang dan jangka pendek; 5) ketegangan yang timbul dari keinginan manusia untuk menyelesaikan dan unggul dan kekhawatiran kesetaraan peluang; 6) ketegangan antara perluasan luar biasa pengetahuan dan kemampuan manusia untuk mengasimilasi; 7) akhirnya, abadi lain faktor ketegangan antara spiritual dan material.Ini adalah terakhir ketegangan yang Komisi pikir perlu alamat. Dalam bahasa Delors; "Ada, oleh karena itu, setiap alasan untuk menempatkan diperbaharui penekanan pada dimensi moral dan budaya pendidikan, memungkinkan setiap orang untuk memahami individualitas orang lain dan untuk memahami dunia tidak menentu kemajuan menuju suatu kesatuan; tetapi proses ini harus dimulai dengan pemahaman diri melalui perjalanan batin yang mana tonggak adalah pengetahuan, meditasi dan praktek self - kritik"(hal.19).Untuk India, ayat ini harus muncul sangat akrab. Kita bertanya-tanya apakah Dr Karan Singh berperan dalam evolusi. Dr membaca Singh write-up (ms. 225-27) satu mendapatkan kesan. Namun, tahap yang akrab di mana seorang individu mengakuisisi kebijaksanaan atau mampu menyadari realitas kebenaran dan wajah yang Shravan, Manan dan Nidhidhyasan. Ketika salah satu mendengarkan atau membaca, itu adalah tonggak pertama, meditasi kedua dan refleksi ketiga. Aku bisa mendengar sebuah cincin India tentang Monsieur Delors, tonggak.Sementara Komisi mengakui pesan implisit di ini penting dan perlu untuk pembentukan bentuk-bentuk yang lebih luas dan lebih jauh jangkauannya kerjasama internasional, itu tidak undervalue peran sentral otak dan inovasi, transisi ke masyarakat berbasis pengetahuan,
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Learning the Treasure Within by Jacques Delors, UNESCO, 1996


















REVIEW
While talking of education, we must bear in mind that with the advent of scripts numerous problems have taken birth. Besides who should read what and prepare for a life deprived equally by oneself and the society, numerous complications have apparently surfaced because of religion, philosophy, anthropology and politics. Each one of these areas has made claims on literacy and education. I am deliberately making a distinction between education and literacy because I believe education could not be perceived independently of human existence. Even the primitives must have passed on their `life-skills' to their children and Nature would have naturally yielded treasures at the instance of creativity and innovations. Possibly, even in those times of yore, human had a philosophy of life for guidance.

Literacy, coming along with the advent of scripts, has hastened to confuse the parameters of education. Education is the sum total of one's philosophy, religion, politics and what have you. Whereas literacy is no more than an instrument of political and social response, education covers a wide terrain. The two, therefore, need not be perceived as one beyond accepting the fact that literacy has certain inherent advantages over education like uniformity in learning, storing of information, offering an additional means of communication, etc. But literacy does not exhaust education.

However, the way literacy has created problems should not be over looked. It has helped in building pyramids of learning and class hierarchies solely on the basis of information definable in terms of quantity and quality. Whatever may have been the nature of social structures in the primitive stages of human development, one thing is certain. Their hierarchies otherwise would have been neither all that stable nor so clean-cut as they are today.

Be that as it may, education and literacy have come to be equated and are generally accepted as implicitly interchangeable terms.

The demands on education and the definition of its nature have yielded countless volumes in philosophy, religion, sociology, etc. If we have a group of people who have nothing but admiration for education and for whom it is the only key to resolving all problems we face, there are others who regard it as an instrument of class war, a means by which even the indefensible can be defended, and a trick which takes away one's peace of mind by creating a bug bear of uncertainties of future. The entire concept of market economy versus social welfare is the direct result of the wonder called education.

One wonders whether the uncertainties of future and the unstable nature of nation-states and their politics would ever help individuals regain their peace of mind and yield pleasures of existence even if such pleasures are less than permanent. Even the bodies and organisations like UNESCO have not been free from the pressures which have arisen out of the wealth and the power this wealth has created. We already have divisions in societies demarcated in terms of social classes, quality of information, goals of life corresponding to occupations people have created. In fact, the world itself has been divided on these very bases i.e. of power and pelf, and nation-states are clubbed under the economic terms `developed,' `developing' and `underdeveloped.' These terms cover a wide area of social existence, i.e., of skills, information, quality of life, political power and the like. Not content with this kind of categorisation, we have the terms like Third World countries as contrasted with the first and second world nation-states. This classification implies a condemnation of certain nation-states which are placed as the bottom rung of the ladder.

Interestingly enough, there is yet another dimension to this classification. The state of a nation's development is judged in terms of citizen's longevity, their education, social security cover, etc. These criteria seem to have been evolved more to measure the wardness of the erstwhile colonies than to discover the reasons for the advancement of the few. However, what one is not able to measure on this scale is the happiness of the nation-states. A recent survey, cited in The Times of India (22th December 1998), has revealed significantly that happiness of a people cannot be judged on the criteria evolved and accepted by the rich and advanced countries. While the USA and many European countries were found to be the unhappiest, Bangladesh topped the list of happy nation-states, with India occupying the fifth position. The top consumerist society does not necessarily also become the happiest.

In the quest for refinement of skills and for ever speedy communication of information, we have put an immense burden on the school system. Children are being given more and more information. Selection and distribution of information appear to have become the sole purpose of schooling. Education and schooling are being used as synonyms. Ranking of educational institutions is symptomatic of classification and typology of skills and information. Those institutions which are selective in these matters, put a market tag on their provisions. Consequently, not only we have classes, we have correspondingly a hierarchy in educational institutions. Seen against a world order, in which a few lucky ones are able to lap up everything, educational institutions become status symbols and knowledge/skill a branded marketable commodity.

It is against this drop that we should read Learning: The Treasure Within, a report submitted to UNESCO, Paris by an International Commission on Education for the twenty-first century headed by Jacques Delors. In the opening submission chapter by the chairman, education has been declared to be a necessary utopia. Education is declared to be "the principal means available to foster a deeper and more harmonious form of human development and thereby to reduce poverty, exclusion, ignorance, oppression and war." One would like to agree with Monsieur Delors but he has overlooked the fact that education, coupled with economic power, can itself become a source of terror and oppression. The more Americans are getting quality education, the more their thirst for power seems to become insatiable. They can attack other nation-states at will and can support dictatorships and downright terrorist nations in the name of democracy. If education can result in twisting and skewing the very purpose for which such commissions are set up, there is little hope for mankind to grow into civilised beings. Perhaps this is the reason why Delors accepts yet another reality: "The truth is that all-out economic growth can no longer be viewed as the ideal way of reconciling material progress with equity, respect for the human condition and respect for the natural assets that we have a duty to hand on in good condition to future generations."

Monsieur Delors regards "education as an ongoing process of improving knowledge and skills, it is also perhaps primarily an exceptional means of bringing about personal development and building relationships among individuals, groups and nations."

Being chairman of an international commission has its own compulsions. Therefore one must talk of education in very general, utopian perspectives. Education must be implicitly accepted as a `good' because one cannot go on regarding education merely as a tool for improving one's lot.

The commission identifies a few tensions that it regards will be central to the problems of the 21st century. They are: 1) the tension between the global and the local, i.e., local people need to become world citizens without losing their roots; 2) while culture is steadily being globalised, this development being partial is creating tension between the universal and the individual; 3) the third tension is pretty familiar to Indians the tension between tradition and modernity. Whereas for some the process of change is slow, for others it is not so, thereby creating problems of adaptation; 4) the need to balance between impatient cries for quick answers to peoples' problems and a patient, concerted, negotiated strategy of reform results in the problem/tension between long-term and short-term considerations; 5) tension arising out of human desire to complete and excel and the concern for equality of opportunity; 6) the tension between the extraordinary expansion of knowledge and the capacity of human beings to assimilate it; 7) lastly, another perennial factor the tension between the spiritual and the material.

It is the last tension which the commission thought was necessary to address. In the language of Delors; "There is, therefore, every reason to place renewed emphasis on the moral and cultural dimensions of education, enabling each person to grasp the individuality of other people and to understand the world's erratic progression towards a certain unity; but this process must begin with self-understanding through an inner voyage where milestones are knowledge, meditation and the practice of self- criticism" (p.19).

For an Indian, this paragraph should appear very familiar. One wonders whether Dr. Karan Singh had a role in its evolution. Reading Dr. Singh's write-up (pp. 225-27) one does get that impression. However, the familiar stages through which an individual acquires wisdom or is able to realise truth and face reality are Shravan, Manan and Nidhidhyasan. When one listens or reads, that is the first milestone, meditation the second and reflection the third. I can hear an Indian ring about Monsieur Delors, milestones.

While the commission acknowledges the implicit message in these milestones and the need for the establishment of wider and more far-reaching forms of international cooperation, it does not undervalue the central role of brainpower and innovation, the transition to a knowledge-driven society, the
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