1. IntroductionCocoa butter (CB) and sugar are the major ingredients o terjemahan - 1. IntroductionCocoa butter (CB) and sugar are the major ingredients o Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1. IntroductionCocoa butter (CB) an

1. Introduction
Cocoa butter (CB) and sugar are the major ingredients of chocolate, and constitute about 70% of the total continuous fat phase
(Afoakwa, Paterson, & Fowler, 2007). Despite the high contents of
CB and sugar, consumption of chocolate products has significantly
increased worldwide (Afoakwa, 2010). Although CB is the major
ingredient of chocolate, its use is limited in tropical countries
due to its tempering difficulties. Many researchers have reported
that blending of fats, or the addition of a small amount of SOS or
SOS-rich fats, in CB or chocolate products increases the solid fat
content, inhibits fat bloom and slightly decreases the tempering
time (Jeyarani & Reddy, 1999; Maheshwari & Reddy, 2005; Padley,
Paulussen, & Soeters, 1972; Reddy & Prabhakar, 1994). In order to
produce CBRs, MSF and PS were chosen as blending components in
the present study. The composition of fatty acids (stearic, palmitic,
and oleic acids) and triglycerides, in particular SOS in MSF and POP
in PS are well established. These fats could be used as suitable raw
materials for the production of high temperature resistant hard
butter in countries with a hot climate. Blends of MSF and PS could
solve the tempering difficulties for chocolate manufacturers in
tropical countries or in countries with a moderate climate during
the summer season. In dark and milk chocolate formulations, kokum fat is added in different proportions to replace CB and its effects on rheology, hardness, triglyceride compositions and heat
resistance have been studied by Maheshwari and Reddy (2005).
Jeyarani and Reddy (1999) produced cocoa butter extenders with
heat-resistant properties from mahua and kokum fats. Cocoa butter extenders were also produced by blending kokum fat with
phulwara butter (Reddy & Prabhakar, 1994).
Mango (Mangifera indicaL.) belongs to the family ofAnacardiaceae.It is one of the most commercially important tropical fruit.
The demands for mango fruit, worldwide, are increasing due to
its nutritional quality, succulence, delicious and sweet taste and
delicate flavour. Meanwhile, the mango fruit is extensively used
in the industry for making juice, jam and jelly. Consequently, considerable amounts of mango seeds are readily available. The fruit
has only one large seed that is enclosed in a kidney shaped kernel.
The mango seed kernel (MSK) contains about 7.1–15% fats that are
rich sources of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids (Abdalla, Darwish,
Ayad, & El-Hamahmy, 2007; Ali, Gafur, Rahman, & Ahmed, 1985;
Gunstone, 2011; Jahurul, Zaidul, Norulaini, Sahena, Rahman, &
Omar, 2013a). These fatty acid constituents and other physicochemical properties of mango seed fat (MSF) make it a valuable
fat that is comparable to that of commercial CB (Muchiri,
Mahungu, & Gituanja, 2012). The physico-chemical properties,
such as fatty acid compositions, iodine value, saponification value,
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1. IntroductionCocoa butter (CB) and sugar are the major ingredients of chocolate, and constitute about 70% of the total continuous fat phase(Afoakwa, Paterson, & Fowler, 2007). Despite the high contents ofCB and sugar, consumption of chocolate products has significantlyincreased worldwide (Afoakwa, 2010). Although CB is the majoringredient of chocolate, its use is limited in tropical countriesdue to its tempering difficulties. Many researchers have reportedthat blending of fats, or the addition of a small amount of SOS orSOS-rich fats, in CB or chocolate products increases the solid fatcontent, inhibits fat bloom and slightly decreases the temperingtime (Jeyarani & Reddy, 1999; Maheshwari & Reddy, 2005; Padley,Paulussen, & Soeters, 1972; Reddy & Prabhakar, 1994). In order toproduce CBRs, MSF and PS were chosen as blending components inthe present study. The composition of fatty acids (stearic, palmitic,and oleic acids) and triglycerides, in particular SOS in MSF and POPin PS are well established. These fats could be used as suitable rawmaterials for the production of high temperature resistant hardbutter in countries with a hot climate. Blends of MSF and PS couldsolve the tempering difficulties for chocolate manufacturers intropical countries or in countries with a moderate climate duringthe summer season. In dark and milk chocolate formulations, kokum fat is added in different proportions to replace CB and its effects on rheology, hardness, triglyceride compositions and heatresistance have been studied by Maheshwari and Reddy (2005).Jeyarani and Reddy (1999) produced cocoa butter extenders withheat-resistant properties from mahua and kokum fats. Cocoa butter extenders were also produced by blending kokum fat withphulwara butter (Reddy & Prabhakar, 1994).Mango (Mangifera indicaL.) belongs to the family ofAnacardiaceae.It is one of the most commercially important tropical fruit.The demands for mango fruit, worldwide, are increasing due toits nutritional quality, succulence, delicious and sweet taste anddelicate flavour. Meanwhile, the mango fruit is extensively usedin the industry for making juice, jam and jelly. Consequently, considerable amounts of mango seeds are readily available. The fruithas only one large seed that is enclosed in a kidney shaped kernel.The mango seed kernel (MSK) contains about 7.1–15% fats that arerich sources of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids (Abdalla, Darwish,Ayad, & El-Hamahmy, 2007; Ali, Gafur, Rahman, & Ahmed, 1985;Gunstone, 2011; Jahurul, Zaidul, Norulaini, Sahena, Rahman, &Omar, 2013a). These fatty acid constituents and other physicochemical properties of mango seed fat (MSF) make it a valuablefat that is comparable to that of commercial CB (Muchiri,Mahungu, & Gituanja, 2012). The physico-chemical properties,such as fatty acid compositions, iodine value, saponification value,
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1. Pendahuluan
Cocoa butter (CB) dan gula adalah bahan utama cokelat, dan merupakan sekitar 70% dari total fase lemak kontinyu
(Afoakwa, Paterson, & Fowler, 2007). Meskipun isi tinggi
CB dan gula, konsumsi produk coklat secara signifikan
meningkat di seluruh dunia (Afoakwa, 2010). Meskipun CB adalah utama
bahan cokelat, penggunaannya terbatas di negara-negara tropis
karena kesulitan temper-nya. Banyak peneliti telah melaporkan
bahwa campuran lemak, atau penambahan sejumlah kecil SOS atau
SOS kaya lemak, di CB atau produk cokelat meningkatkan lemak padat
konten, menghambat mekar lemak dan sedikit menurunkan temper
waktu (Jeyarani & Reddy, 1999 ; Maheshwari & Reddy, 2005; Padley,
Paulussen, & Soeters, 1972; Reddy & Prabhakar, 1994). Untuk
menghasilkan RBM, MSF dan PS dipilih sebagai campuran komponen dalam
penelitian ini. Komposisi asam lemak (stearat, palmitat,
dan asam oleat) dan trigliserida, khususnya SOS di MSF dan POP
di PS mapan. Lemak ini dapat digunakan sebagai baku sesuai
bahan untuk produksi tahan suhu tinggi keras
mentega di negara-negara dengan iklim yang panas. Campuran MSF dan PS bisa
memecahkan kesulitan tempering bagi produsen cokelat di
negara-negara tropis atau di negara-negara dengan iklim yang moderat selama
musim panas. Dalam formulasi coklat hitam dan susu, lemak kokum ditambahkan dalam proporsi yang berbeda untuk menggantikan CB dan dampaknya pada reologi, kekerasan, komposisi trigliserida dan panas
perlawanan telah dipelajari oleh Maheshwari dan Reddy (2005).
Jeyarani dan Reddy (1999) menghasilkan cocoa butter extender dengan
sifat tahan panas dari Mahua dan kokum lemak. Extender Cocoa butter juga diproduksi oleh pencampuran lemak kokum dengan
phulwara mentega (Reddy & Prabhakar, 1994).
Mangga (Mangifera indicaL.) milik ofAnacardiaceae.It keluarga adalah salah satu buah yang paling komersial penting tropis.
Tuntutan untuk buah mangga, di seluruh dunia, meningkat karena
kualitas gizinya, berair, rasa lezat dan manis dan
rasa halus. Sementara itu, buah mangga secara luas digunakan
dalam industri untuk membuat jus, selai dan jeli. Akibatnya, jumlah yang cukup biji mangga sudah tersedia. Buah
hanya memiliki satu biji besar yang ditutupi dalam kernel berbentuk ginjal.
Kernel biji mangga (MSK) mengandung sekitar 7,1-15% lemak yang
kaya sumber palmitat, asam stearat dan oleat (Abdalla, Darwish,
Ayad, & El -Hamahmy, 2007; Ali, Gafur, Rahman, & Ahmed, 1985;
Gunstone, 2011; Jahurul, Zaidul, Norulaini, Sahena, Rahman, &
Omar, 2013a). Konstituen ini asam lemak dan sifat fisikokimia lainnya lemak biji mangga (MSF) membuatnya menjadi berharga
lemak yang sebanding dengan CB komersial (Muchiri,
Mahungu, & Gituanja, 2012). Sifat fisika-kimia,
seperti komposisi asam lemak, bilangan iodin, angka penyabunan,
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